Showing papers in "Transactions of the Electrochemical Society in 1947"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors developed that a considerable opportunity existed in application of the principles and tools of metallurgy to the study of electroplates and developed a method to develop a reason for the cracks in chromium plate.
Abstract: : The thought is developed that a considerable opportunity existed in application of the principles and tools of metallurgy to the study of electroplates. The initial aim, to develop a reason for the cracks in chromium plate, proved to be a fortunate choice, as all of the considerations later developed center around this cracking phenomenon.
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TL;DR: In this article, a diffraction pattern of ramsdellite, uncontaminated by the lines of pyrolusite, is reported, and three modifications of the pattern are described and their relation to ramsdingellite and pyroglusite is discussed.
Abstract: An x‐ray diffraction study has been made of the various types of manganese dioxide with particular emphasis on those prepared chemically. A review of the literature suggests that several types have received different names by different investigators. A diffraction pattern of ramsdellite, uncontaminated by the lines of pyrolusite, is reported. Three modifications of are described and their relation to ramsdellite and pyrolusite is discussed. The manner in which lead is combined in a commercial manganese dioxide by‐product, and the part played by potassium in determining the course of various transformations, are also discussed.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the application of the potentiometric method to both analytical and general research work is discussed, with particular emphasis on automatic apparatus developments tending to simplify the use of the method.
Abstract: Potentiometric titration procedure is described briefly and the application of the potentiometric method to both analytical and general research work is discussed. Instrumentation for the potentiometric titration is reviewed with particular emphasis on automatic apparatus developments tending to simplify the use of the potentiometric method. An instrument, capable of automatically performing and plotting potentiometric titrations, and adaptable to a variety of electrode systems, is described. The construction and operating principle of the instrument, as well as its calibration, method of use, and performance characteristics, are described in detail.
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TL;DR: In this article, the results of miscellaneous experiments indicating a possible chemical mechanism for the formation of active surface complexes on carbon are presented, and quantitative correlations of active oxygen and potential with acid sorption are given for several carbons.
Abstract: When carbon is exposed to oxygen in the presence of acid, it develops oxidizing characteristics measurable as potential or as capacity to oxidize reducing agents such as ferrous iron. Sorption of both acid and oxygen is essential to the development of oxidizing properties. Quantitative correlations of active oxygen and potential with acid sorption are given for several carbons, and the results of miscellaneous experiments indicating a possible chemical mechanism for the formation of active surface complexes on carbon are presented.
TL;DR: In this paper, the compatibility and explosion hazard of concentrated hydrogen peroxide are discussed. But they focus on the compatibility of peroxide and not on the potential uses of this newly available material.
Abstract: Some of the properties of concentrated hydrogen peroxide are summarized. Stability and stabilization of hydrogen peroxide solutions are discussed. Special attention is devoted to the compatibility and explosion hazard of concentrated hydrogen peroxide. Mention is made of the actual and potential uses of this newly available material.
TL;DR: In this paper, a continuous process was developed for the electrolytic reduction of acetone to pinacol which upon dehydration is converted to 2, 3 −di− methyl butadiene.
Abstract: A continuous process has been developed for the electrolytic reduction of acetone to pinacol which upon dehydration is converted to 2, 3‐di‐ methyl butadiene. The following observations were made during this investigation: (1) The process consists of electrolyzing a 4/1 acetone‐20% sulfuric acid mixture maintained at 15° to 20° C in the cathode compartment of a metal‐free electrolytic cell with a newly developed lead‐deposited copper cathode at a c. d. of one amp./dm.2 of effective cathode surface. Using these operating conditions in a 267‐1/3 hour continuous run, the acetone to the extent of 10% to 20% conversion was reduced to pinacol hydrate (50% to 55% current efficiency), isopropyl alcohol, and propane in approximate mol ratio of 16.8/2/1; 60% of the acetone converted going to pinacol. (2) In order to maintain the high 50% to 55% pinacol current efficiency, it was found necessary to renew the cathodes with fresh ones once every 24 hour period of operation. However, the cathodes are easily prepared by electrodepositing a relatively thin film of lead on a copper surface. (3) Studies made with numerous alternate type of cathodes indicated that zirconium‐deposited copper is the only other one that shows any promise.
TL;DR: In this article, the influence of current density, ethanol concentration, and current concentration on the oxidation of ethanol to acetic acid in dilute sulfuric acid solution at platinum gauze anodes has been investigated.
Abstract: The influence of current density, ethanol concentration, and current concentration on the oxidation of ethanol to acetic acid in dilute sulfuric acid solution at platinum gauze anodes has been investigated. The maximum current efficiency, 85%, was obtained at 40° C and 0.2 amp./cm.2, the highest current density tried. Optimum alcohol concentration is about 20%. Efficiency can be raised 2% to 3% by the use of an oxygen carrier, and, at the same current density, is higher at higher current concentration, no maximum being found for this relation within the limits studied. Upwards of 5% increase in efficiency was obtained by substituting sheet lead for platinum gauze as anode material. Energy consumption ranged from 9.9 to 13.8 kw.‐hr./kg. acetic acid, depending on conditions of operation and cell design.