Showing papers in "Tribology Transactions in 1970"
TL;DR: Friction and wear life studies were conducted on burnished (rubbed-on) films of a potential, new, solid lubricant, graphite fluoride (CFx)n.
Abstract: Friction and wear life studies were conducted on burnished (rubbed-on) films of a potential, new, solid lubricant, graphite fluoride (CFx)n. Results were compared to those of similar tests using graphite or MoS2. The comparisons showed that, at any one specific temperature, the wear lives of (CFx)n films exceeded those of graphite or MoS2. Also, the friction coefficient of (CFx)n was less than that of graphite and approximately equal to that of MoS2. The upper temperature limitation on the (CFx)n burnished films is about 400 C. The influence of the fluorine-to-carbon ratio in the compound was investigated and did not seem to be of importance in the range considered (1.12 to 0.7). Presented as an American Society of Lubrication Engineers paper at the ASLE/ASME Lubrication Conference held in Houston, Texas, October 14–16, 1969
86 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a mathematical model of adhesive wear and its control by surface adsorption of a single-component lubricant has been expanded to include an additive as a second component, and the model has been tested with experimental wear rate results as a function if additive concentration for both liquid and vapor phase lubricants.
Abstract: The mathematical model of adhesive wear and its control by surface adsorption of a single-component lubricant has been expanded to include an additive as a second component. The model has been tested with experimental wear rate results as a function if additive concentration for both liquid and vapor phase lubricants. A satisfactory fit of the data to the model is observed, and the calculated values for the equilibrium constant and the heat of adsorption for long-chain polar compounds from cetane solution on steel surfaces are amine > acid > alcohol, the same trend as observed in adsorption studies. The ratio of the effective molecular size of the adsorbed molecules can be calculated and used as a parameter in testing the model, or for gaining understanding about the nature of the active antiwear specie. Presented as an American Society of Lubrication Engineers paper at the ASLE/ASME Lubrication Conference held in Houston, Texas, October 14–16, 1969
43 citations
TL;DR: A series of fatigue tests were run on a 3.25 inch O.D. tapered roller bearing to establish the effect on bearing life of lubricant film thicknesses in the 0.5-4.0 micro-inch range as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A series of fatigue tests were run on a 3.25 inch O.D. tapered roller bearing to establish the effect on bearing life of lubricant film thicknesses in the 0.5–4.0 micro-inch range. Based on the ratio of calculated film thickness to composite surface roughness, results from eleven individual tests indicate the bearings operated normally under conditions which should have resulted in drastic life reductions according to other investigators' results published in the literature. In the tests fatigue life varied with film thickness raised to the 0.84 power with operating temperature and viscosity appearing to have influenced fatigue life over and above their influence through film thickness. Several explanations of the observed results are discussed. Presented as an American Society of Lubrication Engineers paper at the ASLE/ASME Lubrication Conference held in Houston, Texas, October 14–16, 1969
42 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a study of the high temperature corrosion reaction of iron in oils containing phosphorus compounds such as the phosphite, phosphate, thiosulphate, acid phosphate and acid phosphite was performed using the hot-wire method.
Abstract: The work described in this paper is a study of the high temperature corrosion reaction of iron in oils containing phosphorus compounds such as the phosphite, phosphate, thiosulphate, acid phosphate and acid phosphite, by using the hot-wire method. The neutral type esters show very little chemical reactivity towards iron in marked contrast to the very high reactivity of the acid type esters and thiophosphite. X-ray analysis revealed basic iron phosphate, 2FeFe4(PO4)(OH)5, and iron sulfide as the main reaction products for the neutral type and acid type esters and thiophosphite, respectively. The surface polishing action, peculiarly attributed to phosphorus compounds, could not be confirmed in the present work. The results from X-ray analysis seem to support the iron phosphate lubrication mechanism of phosphorus type EP additives. Some considerations are given for the correlations between the chemical reactivity, load carrying capacity and anti-wear property of oils containing phosphorus compounds. As to th...
38 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the exact mechanism of TCP's action is still not clear, it does not appear to involve a prior hydrolysis to acid phosphate, and TCP is just as effective, relative to the base stock, in an inert atmosphere as in air.
Abstract: TCP, as an antiwear and EP agent, has been studied in different hydrocarbon base stocks and in different atmospheres. It is much less effective in base stocks containing condensed-ring aromatics and in atmospheres of high relative humidity. Although the exact mechanism of TCP's action is still not clear, it does not appear to involve a prior hydrolysis to acid phosphate. Also, TCP is just as effective, relative to the base stock, in an inert atmosphere as in air. Presented as an American Society of Lubrication Engineers paper at the ASLE/ASME Lubrication Conference held in Houston, Texas, October 14–16, 1969
37 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the behavior of 16 and 20-inch diameter bearing of elliptical and pad types was examined for speeds ranging up to 5000 rpm and loads up to 1200 psi.
Abstract: Behavior of 16 and 20-inch diameter bearings of elliptical and pad types are examined for speeds ranging up to 5000 rpm and loads up to 1200 psi. The higher power loss, greater oil film thickness, and oil feed requirements are evaluated for the turbulent oil film conditions existing at the upper test speeds. The laminar-turbulent transition speed is found to be strongly related to bearing loading. Presented at the 25th ASLE Annual Meeting in Chicago, May 4–8, 1970
32 citations
TL;DR: The method of maximum likelihood has been found to offer many advantages over existing methods for analyzing Weibull distributed rolling bearing fatigue data as mentioned in this paper, and it has been used for estimating the ratio of two population L10's and shape parameters.
Abstract: The method of maximum likelihood has been found to offer many advantages over existing methods for analyzing Weibull distributed rolling bearing fatigue data. The purpose of this paper is to provide the rolling bearing engineer with what he needs to use the method of maximum likelihood for, 1) Unbiased estimation of Weibull L10 life and shape parameter. 2) Setting confidence limits and testing hypotheses about Weibull L10 life and shape parameter. 3) Unbiased estimation of the ratio of two population L10's and shape parameters. 4) Testing the significance of differences between two estimates of L10 life or shape parameter. Presented as an American Society of Lubrication Engineers paper at the ASLE/ASME Lubrication Conference held in Houston, Texas, October 14–16, 1969
28 citations
TL;DR: In this article, preferential adsorption of several polar compounds from dilute solutions in n-heptane and n-hexadecane onto iron and iron oxides have been carried out using the flow microcalorimeter.
Abstract: Studies of preferential adsorption of several polar compounds from dilute solutions in n-heptane and n-hexadecane onto iron and iron oxides have been carried out using the flow microcalorimeter. The polar compounds studied included normal alcohols and carboxylic acids with alkyl chains ranging from 4 to 18 carbon atoms and a surface active material extracted from a mineral oil. The heats of adsorption suggest that on several iron oxides the long-chain compounds form adsorbed films composed of vertically oriented molecules, not always close-packed. The orientation of adsorbed molecules appear to differ markedly with the nature of substrate and concentration. Some substrates such as iron oxides, promote vertical orientation of alkyl chains as evidenced by relatively high heats of preferential adsorption. Iron surfaces formed under liquid hydrocarbon in the absence of oxygen possess a relatively low surface energy on which the long-chain molecules are adsorbed with very much less energy than on iron oxides. ...
28 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the stages in wear of a typical prow-forming metal, gold, were determined, and they are: 1) prow formation at the initiation of sliding, characterized by a high wear rate, limited to the member having the larger surface involved in sliding; 2) an intermediate stage of roughening and work hardening of the flat with reduction in its wear rate; and 3) a transition stage to the rider wear process.
Abstract: The stages in wear of a typical prow-forming metal, gold, were determined. They are: 1) prow formation at the initiation of sliding, characterized by a high wear rate, limited to the member having the larger surface involved in sliding (i.e., the flat in a rider-flat apparatus); 2) an intermediate stage of roughening and work hardening of the flat with reduction in its wear rate; and 3) a transition stage to the rider wear process. Soon after the transition, the flat gains mass, and the rider loses metal by transfer to the flat or as loose debris. The combined wear of both members for a given total sliding distance lessens with decreasing track length for unidirectional and reciprocating sliding—-both before and after the transition. Also, the number of passes to the transition is proportional to the length of track divided by the load. These phenomena originate in an increasing ratio of transfer to wear with decreasing track length, due to a diminished ability of wear debris to leave the zone of sliding....
25 citations
TL;DR: The effect of air on scuffing has been studied with a four-ball tester and ball-on-cylinder device as mentioned in this paper, and it was shown that water vapor is as effective as oxygen in preventing scuffings with lubricated systems, and even more effective in unlubricated sliding.
Abstract: The effect of air on scuffing has been studied with a four-ball tester and ball-on-cylinder device. Water vapor is as effective as oxygen in preventing scuffing with lubricated systems, and even more effective in unlubricated sliding. On the other hand, under certain conditions, the combination of oxygen and moisture gives a type of scuffing caused by excessive corrosive and abrasive wear; this behavior is limited to very pure oils having low viscosity at test conditions. Contrary to previous statements in the literature, additives do not require air or moisture for their effectioeness. In fact, oxygen and water can actually interfere with certain additives on certain metals. All of the above atmosphere effects can be interpreted in terms of the formation or destruction of protective films. Presented as an American Society of Lubrication Engineers paper at the ASLE/ASME Lubrication Conference held in Houston, Texas, October 14–16, 1969
20 citations
TL;DR: A series of fluids having coefficients of traction in rolling contact devices higher by 30% or more than those of the best previously available oils have been developed as mentioned in this paper, which are suitable for industrial or vehicular applications.
Abstract: A series of fluids having coefficients of traction in rolling contact devices higher by 30% or more than those of the best previously available oils have been developed. These fluids have good oxidation stability in the 300–350 F range, are compatible with standard engineering materials and have viscosity characteristics suitable for industrial or vehicular applications. The screening test methods used for determination of coefficient of traction in the development of these fluids are described. Presented as an American Society of Lubrication Engineers paper at the ASLE/ASME Lubrication Conference held in Houston, Texas, October 14–16, 1969
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors developed a method for recording the contact area or footprint created by the symmetrical or asymmetrical static loading of a partially crowned, cylindrical steel roller on an unlubricated flat steel plate.
Abstract: Forecasting life of a cylindrical rolling element under cyclic elastic loading and with misalignment requires determining the exact shape of the mutual contact as well as its area. The classical Hertzian equations for predicting half width of the contact area and resulting mean and maximum stresses are only sufficient to determine the stress levels for symmetrically loaded, uncrowned cylinders under static and dry surface conditions. However, the theory fails in predicting stress distributions for crowned cylinders, symmetrically or asymmetrically loaded and does not describe end of contact phenomena. Toward this end a method has been developed for recording the contact area or “footprint”, created by the symmetrical or asymmetrical static loading of a partially crowned, cylindrical steel roller on an unlubricated flat steel plate. Analysis of the “foot print” yields the load and stress distributions over the contact area and may be employed as a practical tool in experimental investigations and product d...
TL;DR: In this paper, a more comprehensive quantitative evaluation of the thermal reaction of different types of organic acid esters indicates a somewhat different relative behavior in systems containing metals, indicating a definite effect of catalyst metals in the system is indicated.
Abstract: Experience has shown that the principal limiting factor in the use of esters of organic acids as lubricants is the stability of these materials in a high-temperature environment. Comparisons of the thermal behavior of different types of organic acid esters have, in many cases, been made in all glass test equipment. A more comprehensive quantitative evaluation of the thermal reaction of these materials indicates a somewhat different relative behavior in systems containing metals. Analysis of the original ester and the product after thermal exposure using temperature-programmed gas chromatography allows one to determine the amount of ester degraded and to characterize the materials formed in the reaction. Materials investigated include dibasic acid esters, beta-blocked esters (polyols plus monobasic acids), and simple monobasic acid esters. A definite effect of catalyst metals in the system is indicated. The effect of the presence of metals is shown to differ with the type of ester. The critical nature of t...
TL;DR: In this article, the role of tricresyl phosphate (TCP) in inhibiting the iron-catalyzed thermal degradation of a neopentyl polyol ester gas turbine lubricant base stock, various TCP/ester combinations were encapsulated in mild steel tubing and heated at 500 F up to 96 hours.
Abstract: To investigate the role of tricresyl phosphate (TCP) in inhibiting the iron-catalyzed thermal degradation of a neopentyl polyol ester gas turbine lubricant base stock, various TCP/ester combinations were encapsulated in mild steel tubing and heated at 500 F up to 96 hours. The relative degradation rates of the individual mixtures were measured by monitoring the effusion site of hydrogen (a degradation byproduct) through the capsule all. The capsule interiors were then examined by electron microscopy and diffraction to determine whether correlation assisted between the features of the surface films formed and the reserved degradation rates. Distinctive films were produced in each test mixture. When ester degradation was inhibited by the addition of 2–10% TCP, characteristic iron oxide layer was always found at the ester/steel interface. It was postulated that TCP induces the formation of this film, that the film is the agency of inhibition, and that it is similar in action and genesis to the iron oxide pas...
TL;DR: In this article, surface and bulk properties of MoS2 Technical Grades and of their fractions are compared and a classification of solid lubricants, based on these observations, is proposed, and the minimum endurance value of an effective MoS 2 layer, when tested in dry air, depends on the ratio of pin to ring hardness and on surface roughness.
Abstract: Surface and bulk properties of MoS2 Technical Grades and of their fractions are compared. The water vapour adsorption isotherm is a sensitive indicator of hydrophilic impurities. Inconsistencies in current purchase specifications are pointed out. The endurance of fractions and Grades of MoS2 is compared with that of several synthetic chalcogenides at the same layer thickness and in dry atmospheres. Failure can occur (i) already at very low loads, during rubbing-in, (ii) during running-in to full load, or (iii) at different, but high load levels. A classification of solid lubricants, based on these observations, is proposed. While “infant death” of the lubricant film can have many causes, fully loaded lubricants, natural MoS2 as well as the synthetic chalcogenides, fail alike by a surface fatigue process: dynamic blister formation. The minimum endurance value of an effective MoS2 layer, when tested in dry air, depends on the ratio of pin to ring hardness and on surface roughness. There is also interaction ...
TL;DR: In this paper, the activation energy f or the oxidation of a synthetic MoSe2 sample was determined by an Arrhenius plot of the reaction rate data, and values of 22 to 40 kcal/mole were determined for activation energy.
Abstract: The kinetics of the oxidation of a synthetic MoSe2 sample were studied from 375 to 530 C. Reaction rate constants were determined isothermally in dry air. The reaction rate constants were normalized to both surface area and sample mass. The activation energy f or the oxidation of this synthetic MoSe2 sample was determined by an Arrhenius plot of the reaction rate data. Values of 22 to 40 kcal/ mole were determined for the activation energy. Presented as an American Society of Lubrication Engineers paper at the ASLE/ASME Lubrication Conference held in Houston, Texas, October 14–16, 1969
TL;DR: In this paper, an American Society of Lubrication Engineers paper at the ASLE/ASME Conference held in Houston, Texas, October 14-16, 1969, was presented that the antiwear additives prevent three-body abrasion by preventing the particles from adhering to one of the wing surfaces where they can act like small cutting tools.
Abstract: Abrasive powders were added to a highly-refined petroleum oil and run in a vane pump. With no antiwear additive, wear was successive and volumetric efficiency dropped rapidly. With 0.1% oleic acid or stearyl amine added to the oil the abrasive wear of the particles was essentially eliminated. Also, precoating the particles with the antiwear additive before adding to the base oil greatly retarded wear. Oleic acid performed best on iron oxide (basic), stearyl amine best on silica (acidic). No reduction in abrasive wear by oleic acid was observed when a steel ball was loaded against a grinding wheel. It is concluded that the antiwear additives prevent three-body abrasion (abrasion by loose Articles) by preventing the particles from adhering to one of the wing surfaces where they can act like small cutting tools. Presented as an American Society of Lubrication Engineers paper at the ASLE/ASME Lubrication Conference held in Houston, Texas, October 14–16, 1969
TL;DR: The slow-speed frictional behavior of white oil solutions of stearic acid and lauric acid was found to be in accord with established concepts of film formation and in quantitative agreement with reliable results already in the literature.
Abstract: The slow-speed frictional behavior of white oil solutions of stearic acid and of lauric acid was found to be in accord with established concepts of film formation and in quantitative agreement with reliable results already in the literature. The shape of the speed-dependent friction function of decalin solutions of triphenyl phosphate and of diphenyl phosphate was similar to that for the fatty acids, but numerically the coefficients of friction for the phosphate esters were higher. There was evidence for both an acidity effect and a film effect in the action of the phosphates. Di-t-octyl disulfide, di-t-octyl tetrasulfide and t-octyl chloride were associated with stick-slip friction only. The relation between antiseizure in extreme-pressure lubrication and the frictional behavior for these substances is discussed. Presented as an American Society of Lubrication Engineers paper at the ASLE/ASME Lubrication Conference held in Houston, Texas, October 14–16, 1969
TL;DR: In this article, the application of elastohydrodynamic theory and the Blok flash temperature criterion to cylindrical involute worm gears consisting of phosphor bronze wormwheels driven by casehardened steel worms is discussed.
Abstract: Some initial observations are made on the application of elastohydrodynamic theory and the Blok flash temperature criterion to cylindrical involute worm gears consisting of phosphor bronze wormwheels driven by casehardened steel worms. It is shown that deliberately introduced stress maldistributions can cause predictable pitting in wormwheels and use is made of an S/N curve for phosphor bronze to estimate the surface fatigue life of some wormwheels. The theoretical work is supported by exploratory tests using both worm gears and a disc machine. Some results of film thickness measurements are included. It is shown that, within the limits of design and manufacturing practicalities, the behaviour of worm gears can be predicted quantitatively. The theory and experimental results have been presented with a view to stimulating interest in and, it is hoped, more rigorous studies of, this somewhat neglected field. Presented as an American Society of Lubrication Engineers paper at the ASLE/ASME Lubrication Confere...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the anomalous behavior of friction coefficient in reciprocated sliding of 52100 steel in ultrahigh vacuum and found that the friction force-time curves and microscopic friction area change from smooth to rough at the point of a drop in friction coefficient.
Abstract: To solve the anomalous behaviors of friction coefficient in reciprocated slidings of 52100 steel in ultrahigh vacuum, studies were made if the wear track, friction level, and number of traverses for a 52100 steel test ball sliding on a 52100 steel flat over a pressure range of 760 to 3 × 10−9 torr. Plots of the friction coefficient versus number of traverses show a maximum (f = 1.0–1.2) followed by a drop (f = 0.5–0.6). Both the friction force-time curves and microscopic friction area change from smooth to rough at the point of the drop in friction coefficient. The shape of the friction plot is ascribed to a build-up and rupture of the oxide film that forms on the surface of the 52100 steel specimen in atmosphere and is affected by applied load, direction of finishing marks and pressure level of the environment. Further, above a critical pressure of 10−6 torr the drop was not experienced. It was also found that higher friction does not always mean that the sliding surfaces are clear or more oxide-free. Pr...
TL;DR: In this paper, a set of equations relating the loading and deflections of a pair of helical involute gear teeth is formulated and extended to cover the practical situation in which several pairs of teeth may be in mesh simultaneously.
Abstract: A set of equations is formulated relating the loading and deflections of a pair of helical involute gear teeth. The theory is extended to cover the practical situation in which several pairs of teeth may be in mesh simultaneously, and it is shown how a set of static transmission error curves may be drawn. The theory may be used either to analyze the static or low speed behavior of a pair of gears, or to design suitable profile modification. There are appreciable differences between the load distribution predicted by the new theory and that predicted by a commonly used theory in which each tooth is regarded as a large number of independent thin slices. Experimental evidence supporting the proposed theory is outlined. 1The work described in this paper was performed while the author was a Research Student at the University of Cambridge, England. Contributed to ASLE by the Author
TL;DR: In this article, the surface adhesion of clean nickel to an oxidized tungsten surface was examined before and after adhesion contact with LEED, and the results showed that when copper contact with nickel, a surface alloy formed.
Abstract: Adhesion studies were conducted with copper, tungsten and oxidized tungsten contacting a nickel (111) surface. The copper, tungsten and oxidized tungsten were 1 mm diameter flat ended fibers. They contacted the nickel surface at loads of 20 to 150 milligrams with surface contact times of 10 to 300 seconds. The nickel (111) surface was examined before and after adhesion contact with LEED. With clean metals in adhesive contact, fracture in tension occurred in the lower cohesive strength material. When copper contacted nickel, a surface alloy formed. The adhesion of clean nickel to an oxidized tungsten surface resulted in oxygen transfer from tungsten to nickel with atomic surface rearrangement of the oxygen. Presented as an American Society of Lubrication Engineers paper at the ASLE/ASME Lubrication Conference held in Houston, Texas, October 14–16, 1969
TL;DR: In this article, the AMS 6415 cage material was found capable of surviving a program which comprised 50, one minute, oil cutoff cycles, and an additional program was conducted to optimize the Ag-plate coating thickness which was established as being 0.001 to 0.002-inches thick.
Abstract: Modern jet engines require bearing retainers that can provide reliable service under stringent and unusual conditions. In current commercial transports, these engines commonly operate at 1.5 × 106 DN for 12000 hours or more between overhauls, and in military applications, the cage and bearings are required to retain its integrity when the oil is lost for up to one minute while at foil power. Standard bronze retainers with lead plate over silver plate have proven inadequate to meet these requirements. To find a more suitable retainer, candidate cage materials and coatings were evaluated in a test rig simulating engine conditions. A silver plate AMS 6415 cage material was found capable of surviving a program which comprised 50, one minute, oil cutoff cycles. An additional program was conducted to optimize the Ag-plate coating thickness which was established as being 0.001 to 0.002-inches thick. Subsequent engine evaluation of this silver plated steel retainer verified the rig test results. This material com...
TL;DR: In this article, a model that considers the seal as a cantilever beam of non-uniform cross section with local stretch forces included as local beam loadings was introduced, and the resulting differential equation was solved numerically using a method of invariant embedding.
Abstract: Previous attempts to calculate the amount of force a given shaft seal will exert on a shaft have, in general, considered an oversimplified model. The radial loading was assumed to consist of two separate forces which are additive. A beam force is obtained by considering the seal section as a straight uniform beam, and a stretch force is calculated as a separate unrelated phenomenon. A model is introduced that considers the seal as a cantilever beam of non-uniform cross section with local stretch forces included as local beam loadings. The beam forces and stretch forces are thus seen to be intimately related phenomenon. The resulting differential equation has been solved numerically using a method of invariant embedding. The radial loads and seal deflection curves have been obtained and compared to experimental data. Presented at the 25th ASLE Annual Meeting in Chicago, May 4–8, 1970
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of film thickness on the friction coefficient of solid powdered lubricants, applied as thin films on the mild steel specimens, was investigated and the results were discussed and compared to those theoretically conceivable using the relationship of Bowden and Tabor and that of Rabinowicz.
Abstract: An experimental investigation has been conducted to determine the effect of film thickness on the friction coefficient of solid powdered lubricants, applied as thin films on the mild steel specimens. Curves representing the coefficient of friction for various film thicknesses, as well as the tabulated data are given. The results are discussed and compared to those theoretically conceivable using the relationship of Bowden and Tabor and that of Rabinowicz. Solid films of graphite, molybdenum disulphide and calcium fluoride with a thickness range of 0.0002 to 0.0008 in. were used. It has been concluded that, for the solid lubricants tested, the coefficient of friction is dependent upon the film thickness. The Theory of Adhesion by Bowden and Tabor and the mathematical relationship by Rabinowicz do not adequately explain the variation in the coefficient of friction as the film thickness varies. Presented as an American Society of Lubrication Engineers paper at the ASLE/ASME Lubrication Conference held in Hou...
TL;DR: In this article, rarefied gas viscoseals performance prediction by theoretical model, comparing results with experiment, is presented, and compared with experiment results with the experimental results and theoretical model.
Abstract: Rarefied gas viscoseals performance prediction by theoretical model, comparing results with experiment
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that the maximum contact temperature at seizure is not constant but, in addition to varying with speed and load, also varies with bulk temperature and with the seizure-delay.
Abstract: Transition temperature determinations made in the 4-ball machine are in general expected to be influenced by the seizure-delay phenomenon. The paper describes some experiments which show that for ‘non-reactive’ lubricants this may become important at high sliding speeds and bulk temperatures. It is also shown that the maximum contact temperature at seizure is not constant but, in addition to varying with speed and load, also varies with bulk temperature and with the seizure-delay. The work emphasizes the importance of studying events immediately preceding seizure. Presented as an American Society of Lubrication Engineers paper at the ASLE/ASME Lubrication Conference held in Houston, Texas, October 14–16, 1969
TL;DR: A range of potential lubricants have been examined in friction and actual cup-forming tests on AISI 304, Inconel X and Ti-6A1-4V as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: A range of potential lubricants has been examined in friction and actual cup-forming tests on AISI 304, Inconel X and Ti-6A1-4V. Among these potential lubricants were boron nitride, two graphitic materials and two oxides of molybdenum. The latter two materials appear to be of increasing promise at temperatures above 900F. Further development work is in hand. Presented as an American Society of Lubrication Engineers paper at the ASLE/ASME Lubrication Conference held in Houston, Texas, October 14–16, 1969
TL;DR: Turbulent viscoseal with gas-liquid interface, using recirculation loop for gas ingestion reduction as mentioned in this paper, was used to reduce gas ingestion in viscose alginates.
Abstract: Turbulent viscoseal with gas-liquid interface, using recirculation loop for gas ingestion reduction
TL;DR: In this paper, thin coatings of various materials on the mating surface can drastically affect the surface fatigue and wear behavior of cobalt-bonded tungsten carbide subjected to alternating surface stresses.
Abstract: Thin coatings of various materials on the mating surface can drastically affect the surface fatigue and wear behavior of cobalt-bonded tungsten carbide subjected to alternating surface stresses. Coatings of gold, tin, silver, manganese, freshly deposited titanium, lead, tin bronze, and solder on the mating surface all allowed a carbide slider to operate for a great many cycles at conditions which caused surface fatigue failure of the same slider on uncoated carbide in a relatively few cycles. Of the tested coatings, gold and tin appear to be of most value. The observed effects cannot be attributed to reduction of the alternating friction forces by a solid film lubrication of the surfaces but are probably caused by a diffusion of the coating materials into the cermet structure. Presented as an American Society of Lubrication Engineers paper at the ASLE/ASME Lubrication Conference held in Hauston, Texas, October 14–16, 1969