Showing papers in "Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research in 2016"

Main Analytical Techniques Used for Elemental Analysis in Various Matrices

Abstract: Heavy metal pollution is a serious environmental problem. The presence of such metals in different areas of an ecosystem subsequently leads to the contamination of consumable products such as dietary and processed materials. Accurate monitoring of metal concentrations in various samples is of importance in order to minimize health hazards resulting from exposure to such toxic substances. For this purpose, it is essential to have a general understanding of the basic principles for different methods of elemental analysis. This article provides an overview of the most sensitive techniques of elemental analysis such as atomic absorption/emission spectrometry, mass spectrometry, x-ray fluorescence, voltametry, and nuclear techniques. In addition, the article addresses some applications in a range of sample matrices. Keywords: Heavy metals, Analytical methods, Elemental spectroscopic analysis, Sample matrices, Health and environmental hazards

Mycosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from Candida albicans and its Antibacterial Activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus

Abstract: Purpose: To produce and characterize silver nanoparticles using Candida albicans and evaluate its antibacterial properties. Methods: Extracellular silver nanoparticles were biosynthesized using C. albicans . The biomass obtained from cultures of C. albicans was used to synthesize silver nanoparticles in 1.5 mM silver nitrate solution. Characterization of the biosynthesized nanoparticles was carried out using ultraviolet (UV)- visible spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The antibacterial properties of the nanoparticles were determined by agar disc diffusion method against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus . Results: Incubation of C. albicans with silver nitrate solution produced silver nanoparticles after 2 – 4 h as evidenced by change in the color of the reaction mixture. The formation of silver nanoparticles was confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy which showed absorption peak between 300 – 800 nm, being the characteristic wavelength range of silver nanoparticles. SEM revealed the varying morphology of the nanoparticles which had a size range of 20 – 80 nm. Furthermore, the nanoparticles showed significant antimicrobial activity (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The biosynthesized silver nanoparticles hold some promise for various industrial applications, including drug delivery. Keywords: Antibacterial activity, Candida albicans , Escherichia coli , Mycosynthesis, Silver nanoparticles, Staphylococcus aureus

Genotyping of vacA alleles of Helicobacter pylori strains recovered from some Iranian food items

Abstract: Purpose: To study the vacA genotype status of H. pylori isolated from some Iranian food items. Methods: Three hundred assorted samples of fish, ham, chicken, vegetable and meat sandwiches, and minced meat were purchased and tested using culture method. Those that were H. pylori -positive were analyzed for presence of vacA genotypes using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: Sixty out of 300 (20 %) food samples were positive for H. pylori . Vegetable sandwich (45 %), minced meat (32 %) and meat sandwich (20 %) were the most commonly contaminated. The most commonly detected genotypes in the meat-based foods, viz, vegetable sandwich and ready to eat fish, were vacA s1a, vacA m1a and vacA m2, respectively. The most commonly detected combined genotypes were s1am2 (45 %), s1am1a (40 %) and m1am2 (35 %). Conclusion: The presence of similar genotypes in H. pylori strains of foods and those of human clinical samples suggest that contaminated foods may be the source of bacteria for humans. Keywords: Helicobacter pylori , VacA genotypes, Genotyping, Food items

Determination of antioxidant activity, phenolic contents and antiviral potential of methanol extract of Euphorbia spinidens Bornm (Euphorbiaceae)

Abstract: Purpose : This study was aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the methanol extract of Euphorbia spinidens Bornm (Euphorbiaceae) and its effect on Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) replication. Methods : The methanol extract of aerial parts of E. spinidens collected from Khorasan State in North- Eastern part of Iran was used in this study. Total phenolic, flavonoid contents and the antioxidant activity were evaluated using Folin-Ciocalteu method, aluminum chloride colorimetric method and β- carotene-linoleate model system, respectively. Both the cytotoxic and antiviral effects of the crude extract on Vero cell line were determined by quantifying the viability of Vero cells using 3-(4,5- dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assay. Results : Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of E.spinidens were 70 ± 1 mg of gallic acid equivalent/g of dry extract (mg GAE/g extract) and 49.66 ± 1.00 mg rutin equivalent/g of dry extract (mg RTN/g extract), respectively. Antioxidant activity was 44 ± 1 % compared with the standard, buthylated hydroxytuloene (BHT). The 50 % cytotoxic concentration (CC 50 ) of the extract on Vero cells was 5.072 ± 0.063 mg/ml and its antiviral concentration of 50 % effectiveness (EC 50 ) value was 0.34 ± 0.003 mg/ml. Conclusion : The findings of this study show that the methanol extract of E.spinidens has high content of phenolic and flavonoid compounds with good antioxidant activity. Furthermore, this extract has significant antiviral effect on HSV-1 probably due to the inhibition of viral replication. Keywords : Antioxidant, Antiviral, Euphorbia spinidens Bornm, Herpes simplex virus

Phytopharmacological and ethnomedicinal uses of the Genus Berberis (Berberidaceae): A review

Abstract: Plants belonging to Berberis are reported in several folklore medicinal pharmacopeias and are used in traditional medicines in Asia and European countries. The plants have been used in the preparation of various traditional and synthetic medicines since pre-historic times for wound healing, fever, eye disease, jaundice, vomiting during pregnancy, rheumatism, kidney and gall balder stones, and several other illnesses. Their healing properties are appear to be due to the presence of secondary metabolites and important alkaloids with different pharmacological activities. Their antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-diabetic, and anti-tumor activities as well as positive effects on the cardiovascular and body immune systems have been reported. Root extracts of some species of the plant genus contain quinine which acts as a powerful anti-malarial agent. The main chemical constituents of Berberis plants are alkaloids, steroids, glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids and reducing sugars. Of these alkaloids, berberine is the most important. The present review focuses on recent advances in phytopharmacological and ethnomedicinal uses of plants belonging to Berberis genus. Keywords: Berberis, Alkaloids, Berberine, Pharmacology, Phytochemistry, Ethnomedicinal uses

Natural plant polyphenols for alleviating oxidative damage in man: Current status and future perspectives

Abstract: The balance between oxidation and reduction is important for maintaining a healthy biological system. Oxidative stress results from an imbalance between excessive formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and/or reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and limited endogenous defense systems, and this imbalance can adversely alter lipids, proteins and DNA, causing a number of human diseases. Thus, exogenous antioxidants that can neutralize the effect of free radicals are needed to diminish the cumulative effects of oxidative damage over human life span. Current research reveals that phenolic compounds in plants possess high antioxidant activity and free radical scavenging capacity and can prevent the body from oxidative damage over human life span. This review focuses on the present understanding of free radicals and antioxidants and their importance in human health and disease. Information about the chemical features of free radicals as well as their deleterious effects on cell structures is reviewed. The chemical structure and anti-oxidative mechanisms of essential polyphenols and their potential health benefits are presented. In addition, the limitation of natural antioxidants and a perspective on likely future trends in this field are also discussed. Keywords: Free radicals, Oxidative stress, Natural antioxidants, Polyphenols, Health benefits, Reactive oxygen species, Reactive nitrogen species

Chemical Composition of Zanthoxylum avicennae Essential Oil and its Larvicidal Activity on Aedes albopictus Skuse

Abstract: Purpose: To determine the larvicidal activity of the essential oil derived from Zanthoxylum avicennae (Lam.) DC. (Rutaceae) leaves and stems against the larvae of Aedes albopictus Skuse． Methods: Essential oil of Z. avicenna e leaves and stems were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromaotography-mas spectrometry (GC-MS). The activity of the essential oil was evaluated, using World Health Organization (WHO) procedures, against the fourth larvae of A. albopictus for 24 h and larval mortality recorded at various essential oil concentrations ranging from 12.5 - 200 μg/mL. Results: A total of 31 components of the essential oil of Z. avicennae were identified. The essential oil had higher content of monoterpenoids (65.70 %) than sesquiterpenoids (33.45 %). The principal compounds of the essential oil were 1,8-cineol (53.05 %), β-elemene (6.13 %), α-caryophyllene (5.96%), β-caryophyllene (5.09 %) and caryophyllene oxide (4.59 %). The essential oil exhibited larvicidal activity against A. albopictus with a median lethal concentration (LC50) value of 48.79 μg/mL. Conclusion: The findings obtained indicate that the essential oil of Z. avicennae has potentials for use in the control of A. albopictus larvae and could be useful in the search for newer, safer and more effective natural compounds as larvicides. Keywords: Aedes albopictus , Essential oil, Larvicidal activity, Mosquito, Zanthoxylum avicennae

Self-medication practice among undergraduate medical students of a Saudi tertiary institution

Abstract: Purpose: To assess the knowledge, attitude and magnitude of self-medication among medical students of Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional, self-administered questionnaire-based study was conducted among undergraduate medical students of Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia. A total of 300 students were selected by random sampling. Results: Self-medication practice was highly prevalent among the medical students, with 87 % reporting that they indulge in it. Self-medication was more prevalent among female students than male. Sedatives were the most common drugs used by students for self-medication (58 %). The most common reason adduced for self-medication practice was their belief that they have sufficient information, previous experience, and the experience of others, such as family members and colleagues, with regard to the drugs. A huge proportion (84.5 %) of the respondents agreed that selfmedication could be harmful and is associated with adverse effects, while 52.6 % stated that they would not advise other persons to indulge in self-medication. Conclusion: Self-medication is prevalent among third-year medical students of Jazan University in Saudi Arabia. Although the students exhibited sufficient awareness of self-medication, the findings highlight the need for intervention programmes regarding the practice of self-medication. Keywords: Self-medication, Prevalence, Awareness, Sedatives, Medical students

Effect of ozone gas processing on physical and chemical properties of wheat proteins

Abstract: Purpose: To investigate the effects of ozone treatment on chemical and physical properties of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) gluten, glutenin and gliadin. Methods: Wheat proteins isolated from wheat flour were treated with ozone gas. The physical and chemical properties of gluten proteins were investigated after treatment with ozone gas, with 5 g/h produced as a function of time (0, 30, and 60 min) in the study. To check whether the process of ozonation promoted changes in the quality of gluten proteins, sulfhydryl groups (SH), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), secondary structure, SDS-PAGE, and rheology analyses were performed. Results: Sulfhydryl group contents of wheat proteins ranged from 1.1 to 7.12 μmol/g. Sulfhydryl group content for all ozonated proteins was significantly lower than that of the control samples. Gluten proteins showed reduced SDS-PAGE band intensities of both high (HMW) gluten and glutenin subunits with increasing ozone gas treatment. The denaturation temperatures (Td) of ozonated gluten proteins were higher (99.80–106.79 °C) and the enthalpies of the ozonated gluten proteins were lower than those of the control samples. The storage moduli (G') and loss moduli (G”) of gluten and glutenin tended to increase from 7.84 to 10.20 KPa and 43.19 to 48.28 KPa, and from 3.33 to 4.06 KPa and 20.74 to 22.56 KPa, respectively, as ozone exposure increased from 0 to 30 min. Conclusion: Ozone gas can oxidize wheat proteins. Exposing wheat proteins to ozone gas for an extended time (60 min) deteriorated wheat protein quality. Keywords: Ozone treatment, Gluten proteins, Chemical changes, Rheological studies, CD spectroscopy, Thermal properties

Determination of acrylamide levels in selected commercial and traditional foods in Syria

Abstract: Purpose : To determine acrylamide (AA) levels in different brands of commercial and traditional foodstuffs available in Syria by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometery (UPLCMS). Method s: A total of 63 samples were analyzed. Food samples were defatted by hexane and then extracted with methanol 98 % in a vortex mixer. Thereafter, Carrez I and Carrez II were added to precipitate proteins from the co-extractives and then centrifuged to obtain a clear aqueous extract that was evaporated to dryness. The extract was dissolved in 1 mL of water, eluted through a preconditioned Oasis HLB cartridge and then filtered. The filtrate was analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS to determine AA content. Results : Among the commercial foods tested, the highest acrylamide quantity was found in potato products (396 ± 3.59 – 1844 ± 5.29 μg kg−1) and the lowest in corn products (183 ± 2.64 – 366 ± 4.58 μg kg−1). This was followed by biscuits (57 ± 2.64 – 1433 ± 2.51 μg kg−1), breakfast cereals (121 ± 8.73 – 245 ± 3.60 μg kg−1), bread (119 ± 1.73 – 263 ± 3.60 μg kg−1) and then coffee (113 ± 2.64 - 64 ± 3.05 μg kg−1). Regarding traditional foods, the highest level of AA was found in AL- Mshabak (481 ± 2.08 μg kg−1) and AL-Awamat (421 ± 2.64 μg kg−1) followed by AL-Namora (282 ± 4.35 μg kg−1) and AL-Kenafa (242 ± 2.64 μg kg−1). It was also observed that the lowest amount of AA was in fried bread (230 μg kg−1), AL-Fatayer (192 ± 3.51 μg kg−1) and AL-Baqlawa (172 ± 4.35 μg kg−1) while Eid Aqras (130 ± 4.58 μg kg−1) and AL-Brazeq (167 ± 3.78 μg kg−1) contained the least amount of AA. Conclusion : The results indicate that the highest levels of AA are found in the most commonly consumed foods. There was significant difference (p < 0.05) in AA levels among different food items and within different brands of the same product. Keywords : Acrylamide, Commercial foods, Traditional foods, Syrian food, Contaminants, UPLCMS/MS

Anti-Urolithiatic Activity of Melia Azedarach Linn Leaf Extract in Ethylene Glycol-Induced Urolithiasis in Male Albino Rats

Abstract: Purpose: To investigate the anti-urolithiatic activity of the aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Melia azedarach Linn leaves in calcium oxalate urolithiasis in male albino rats. Methods: The effect of oral administration of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Melia azedarach Linn leaves on calcium oxalate urolithiasis has been investigated. Lithiasis was induced by oral adminstration of ethylene glycol (0.75 %v/v) in male albino rats for 28 days. Each of the extract (250 mg/kg) was administered orally day 0 as a prophylactic regimen and from day 15 as a curative regimen. Regular administration of ethylene glycol caused hyperoxaluria in ethylene glycol-fed animals, leading to increased renal retention and excretion of oxalate, calcium and phosphate. Histopathological study, urine microscopy, serum analysis and biochemical analysis of kidney homogenate were performed. Results: Oxalate and calcium excretion in urine increased (p < 0.01) to 3.68 ± 0.01 and 4.5 ± 0.01 mg/24 h, respectively, in lithiatic control animals compared to (0.37 ± 0.01 and 1.27 ± 0.12 mg/24 h) for the normal control group. Treatment with aqueous or ethanol extract (250 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly (p < 0.01) reduced the elevated levels of calcium, oxalate and phosphate excretion in urine to 0.79 ± 0.01 and 1.09 ± 0.04 mg/24 h, respectively. Following treatment with the ethanol extract (250mg/kg), serum creatinine excretion was restored from 0.95 ± 0.01 mg/24 h to the normal level of 0.87 ± 0.01 mg/24 h. The results were comparable to those of the standard drug, allopurinol (50 mg/kg p.o.). Histopathological data for the kidney supported the foregoing results. Conclusions: The results demonstrate that the aqueous and ethanol extracts of Melia azedarach Linn leaves have potent antiurolithiatic activity against ethylene glycol-induced calcium oxalate urolithiasis in male albino rats.

In vitro Studies on Anti-diabetic and Anti-ulcer Potentials of Jatropha gossypifolia (Euphorbiaceae)

Abstract: Purpose: To evaluate α-glucosidase and α-chymotrypsin enzyme inhibitory activity of Jatropha gossypifolia as a probable remedy for the management of diabetes and ulcer.Methods: Different extracts and fractions of the root, leaf and stem bark of the plant were screened for their α-glucosidase and α-chymotrypsin inhibitory activity using standard in vitro inhibition assays. Acarbose and chymostatin were used as positive control, respectively.Results: n-Butanol and ethyl acetate fraction showed maximum enzyme inhibition for α-glucosidase with 67.93 ± 0.66 and 67.67 ± 0.71 % and half maximal concentration (IC50) of 218.47 ± 0.23 and 213.45 ± 0.12 μg/ml, respectively. Dichloromethane and ethyl acetate leaf fractions exhibited maximum α-chymotrypsin inhibition activity of 85.08 ± 0.38 and 83.87 ± 0.70 %, and IC50 of 133.1 ± 0.68 and 134.5 ± 0.12 μg/ml, respectively, Acarbose exhibited enzyme inhibition activity of 92.14 ± 0.38 % with IC50 of 38.24 ± 0.1 μg/ml, while chymostatin exhibited 93.67 ± 0.38 % enzyme inhibition and IC50 of 8.24 ± 0.11 μg/ml.Conclusion: The presence of bioactive secondary metabolities with enzyme-inhibiting activity lends some support for the traditional use of this plant in the management of diabetes and ulcer. However, further investigation of the plant including identification of its active components is required.Keywords: α-Chymotrypsin, α-Glucosidase, Inhibition, Jatropha gossypifolia, Anti-diabetic, Anti-ulcer

Cuminum cyminum Linn (Apiaceae) extract attenuates MPTP-induced oxidative stress and behavioral impairments in mouse model of Parkinson’s disease

Abstract: Purpose : To evaluate the protective effects of Cuminum cyminum Linn (Apiaceae, CCY) against 1- methyl-4 phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced oxidative stress and behavioral impairments in mouse model of Parkinson’s disease (PD) Methods : MPTP-intoxicated mice model of PD was used for evaluating the effect of CCY extract on behavioral deficits through rota rod, passive avoidance and open field tasks The effect of CCY extract on oxidative stress levels were assessed by estimating enzyme status, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and lipid peroxidation(LPO) in brain tissues of MPTP-induced mice Results : MPTP (25 mg/kg, ip)-treated mice resulted in a significant (p < 0001) behavioral deficit in locomotor behavior (from 5624 ± 121 to 2764 ± 094) and cognitive functions (from 298 ± 368 s to 20728 ± 412 s) compared with their respective control groups Administration of CCY extract (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg, po) for three weeks significantly and dose-dependently improved (p < 0001 at 300 mg/kg) locomotor and cognitive deficits in MPTP-treated mice CCY treatment also significantly (p < 0001 at 300 mg/kg) inhibited MPTP-induced decrease in antioxidant enzyme levels (superoxide dismutase and catalase) and lipid peroxides in mice brain tissues Conclusion : CCY extract exhibits strong protection against MPTP-induced behavioral deficit through enhancement of antioxidant defense mechanisms Therefore, CCY may be developed as a therapeutic strategy in the treatment of neurodegeneration seen in PD Keywords : Cuminum cyminum , Neurodegeneration, Catalase, Superoxide dismutase, Oxidative stress, Parkinson’s disease

Assessment of the storage and disposal of medicines in some homes in Jos north local government area of Plateau State, Nigeria

Abstract: Purpose : The purpose of this study was to assess the way medicines are stored and disposed in some households in Jos North Local Government Area (LGA) of Plateau State, Nigeria. Methods : A cross-sectional survey of 130 households in Jos was carried out using a questionnaire to ascertain practices associated with medicine storage and their disposal. Results : The results showed that 105 (80.8%) households had 635 medicines in their homes, 65.8% of which were unused medicines (3.2 unused medicines per household). Some households stored their medicines in bags/containers (76.2%) while others kept them in cup-boards/cabinets (21.96%), refrigerators (10.5%) or other places (3.3%). Methods for disposal of unused drugs varied among households with some disposing them in trash cans (70.5%) while other disposed them in toilets (19.0%) or burnt them (10.5%). Only 10.5% (n=11) of respondents knew how medicines were properly disposed. Conclusion : While most households store their medicines appropriately, majority of them adopt poor disposal methods for medicines they no longer need in their homes. Public health education on problem disposal of medicines is of the essence. Keywords : Jos North Households, Medicines, Storage, Disposal.

Formulation and stability of topical water in oil emulsion containing corn silk extract

Abstract: Purpose : To formulate the water in oil (W/O) emulsion of corn silk (CS) extract and to evaluate its stability at various storage conditions. Methods : Ethanol CS extract was prepared using maceration (cold) technique. A 4 % CS emulsion was prepared using varying concentrations of liquid paraffin, ABIL EM90 and water. The formulations were kept at 25 o C for 28 days and to screen out the less stable formulations. The remaining formulations were further stressed at 40 o C to choose the most stable formulation. The optimized formulation was evaluated for physical characteristics including phase separation, rheology and mean droplet size. The physical stability of the formulation was evaluated by monitoring these parameters over a period of 12 weeks at 8, 25, 40 and 40 o C, and 75 % RH. Results : The chosen formulation showed good resistance to phase separation on centrifugation under all storage conditions. Rheological behavior followed non-Newtonian pseudoplastic pattern at various storage conditions. Mean droplet size of freshly prepared formulation was 2.98 ± 1.32 μm and did not show significant (p < 0.05) changes at normal storage conditions (8 and 25 o C). Conclusion : The findings indicate that the developed CS extract W/O emulsion is stable and therefore may be suitable for topical use on skin as an antioxidant preparation. Keywords : Corn silk, Emulsion, Nonionic surfactant, Rheology, Flow index, Droplet size, Non-Newtonian pseudoplastic

Determination of Synthetic Food Colors, Caffeine, Sodium Benzoate and Potassium Sorbate in Sports Drinks

Abstract: Purpose: To employ high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques to determine edible additives in commercial sports drinks. Methods: A total of 105 samples including 21 different brands of sports drinks were purchased from markets in Tehran, Iran. The process conditions included a C18 column, a mobile phase consisting of aqueous ammonium acetate buffer (pH = 4.2) and acetonitrile (80:20 v/v) at a flow rate of 0.8 ml min –1 . The injection volume was 20 μL and the UV detector was set at 225 nm. Results: Mean recovery was between 95 and 106 %. The mean concentrations of sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate in Iranian brands (147.72 and 11.54 ppm, respectively) were significantly higher than in foreign brands (19.43 and 4.91 ppm, respectively, p < 0.05). The maximum amount of sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate was 251.50 ± 18.69 and 96.38 ± 38.56 ppm, respectively, while caffeine content was in the range of 293.48 ± 14.33 - 607.32 ± 135.33 ppm. Conclusion: HPLC permits the detection of sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate at very low concentrations. Furthermore, caffeine was detected in all the sport drinks. Only Brilliant Blue and Allura Red were detected in the drinks. Keywords: Edible additives, Sports drinks, Sodium benzoate, Potassium sorbate, Caffeine, Brilliant Blue, Allura Red

Evaluation of Antiproliferative Activity of Some Traditional Anticancer Herbal Remedies from Jordan

Abstract: Purpose: To evaluate the in vitro antiproliferative activity of the extracts of the three plants against a panel of human tumor cell lines representing the most common types of cancer in Jordan, viz, breast and colorectal and skin cancers. Methods: The methanol extracts of the aerial parts of the three plants ( Arbutus andrachne L., Chrysanthemum coronarium L., and Teucrium polium L.) were prepared and assessed for antiproliferative activity against six human tumor cell lines (A375.S2, WM1361A, CACO-2, HRT18, MCF-7, T47D) using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide MTT cell proliferation assay. Results: C. coronarium extract, at the concentration range of 25 to 400 μg/mL, significantly inhibited (10 – 50 %) the proliferation of the 6 cell lines in a dose-dependent manner, whilst the extracts of the other two plants exhibited weak antiproliferative activity (2 – 10 % inhibition). The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) values of C. coronarium extract against the six cell lines were in the range of 75.8 to 138.5 μg/mL. Conclusion: The methanol extract of the aerial parts C. coronarium possesses a relatively potent antiproliferative activity and therefore might be a potential source of natural compounds that can be developed into new antineoplastic agents. Keywords: Antiproliferative , Arbutus andrachne L., Chrysanthemum coronarium L., Teucrium polium L. Jordan flora, Medicinal plants, Cancer, Antineoplastic

Phytochemical profile and some biological activities of three Centaurea species from Turkey

Abstract: Purpose: To characterise the phytochemical profile of whole plants of Centaurea balsamita , C. depressa and C. lycopifolia with LC-ESI-MS/MS, and as well as their antioxidant, anticholinesterase and antimicrobial activities. Methods: Organic and aqueous extracts of the three Centaurea species were evaluated for DPPH free radical, ABTS cation radical scavenging and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC). Acetyland butyryl-cholinesterase enzyme inhibition abilities of the extracts using petroleum ether, acetone, methanol and water were studied to determine anticholinesterase activity, while antimicrobial activity was determined by disc diffusion method using appropriate antimicrobial standards and organisms. The phytochemical components of the methanol extracts were assessed by LC-MS/MS. Results: The methanol extract of C. balsamita exhibited much higher DPPH free and ABTS cation radicals scavenging activities (with IC 50 of 62.65 ± 0.97 and 24.21 ± 0.70 mg/ml, respectively) than the other extracts. The petroleum ether extracts of the plant species exhibited moderate inhibitory activity against butyrylcholinesterase enzymes while the acetone extract of C. balsamita showed good antifungal activity against Candida albicans . Quinic acid (17513 ± 813 μg/g, 63874 ± 3066 μg/g and 108234 ± 5195 μg/g) was the major compound found in the methanol extracts of C. balsamita , C. depressa and C. Lycopifolia , respectively. Conclusion: These results indicate quinic acid is the major compound in the three plant species and that Centaurea balsamita has significant antioxidant, anticholinesterase and antimicrobial properties. Further studies to identify the compounds in the extracts responsible for the activities are required. Keywords: Centaurea, LC-ESI-MS/MS, Anticholinesterase, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial

Efficient representation of texture details in medical images by fusion of Ripplet and DDCT transformed images

Abstract: Purpose: To evaluate and compare the performance of Ripplet Type-1 transform and directional discrete cosine transform (DDCT) and their combinations for improved representation of MRI images while preserving its fine features such as edges along the smooth curves and textures. Methods: In a novel image representation method based on fusion of Ripplet type-1 and conventional/directional DCT transforms, source images were enhanced in terms of visual quality using Ripplet and DDCT and their various combinations. The enhancement achieved was quantified on the basis of peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), mean square error (MSE), structural content (SC), average difference (AD), maximum difference (MD), normalized cross correlation (NCC), and normalized absolute error (NAE). To determine the attributes of both transforms, these transforms were combined to represent the entire image as well. All the possible combinations were tested to present a complete study of combinations of the transforms and the contrasts were evaluated amongst all the combinations. Results: While using the direct combining method (DDCT) first and then the Ripplet method, a PSNR value of 32.3512 was obtained which is comparatively higher than the PSNR values of the other combinations. This novel designed technique gives PSNR value approximately equal to the PSNR’s of parent techniques. Along with this, it was able to preserve edge information, texture information and various other directional image features. The fusion of DDCT followed by the Ripplet reproduced the best images. Conclusion: The transformation of images using Ripplet followed by DDCT ensures a more efficient method for the representation of images with preservation of its fine details like edges and textures. Keywords: Ripplet, Directional discrete cosine transform (DDCT), Peak signal to noise ratio, MSE (mean square error), SC (structural content), MD (maximum difference), NCC (normalized cross correlation

Ziziphus mauritiana leaf extract emulsion for skin rejuvenation

Abstract: Purpose: To formulate stable water in oil (W/O) emulsion containing hydroalcoholic crude extract of Ziziphus mauritiana leaves for skin rejuvenation Methods: Placebo (base) without any plant extract and formulation with 4 % Ziziphus mauritiana extract were prepared by mixing Samples of the emulsions were subjected to varying storage conditions, ie, 8, 25, 40 o C and 40 o C + 75 % relative humidity for a period of 4 weeks to predict their stability During this period, stability parameters, including liquefaction, phase separation, color, electrical conductivity, centrifugation and pH were monitored at specified time intervals Skin rejuvenation was evaluated using 13 healthy human volunteers over a period of 8 weeks During this period, various skin parameters such as erythema, melanin level, moisture content, elasticity and sebum content of the skin were evaluated at specified intervals Results: Both the active formulation and placebo were stable in terms of liquifaction, phase separation and color at all the storage conditions of temperature and humidity Active formulation showed statistically significant ( p 005) Both active and placebo formulations changed skin elasticity and erythema significantly ( p < 005) Conclusion: It is evident from the findings that the leaf extract of Ziziphus mauritiana possesses antiaging properties as well as exert skin lightening, moisturizing and viscoelastic effects on human skin Keywords: Ziziphus mauritiana , Melanin, Erythema, Sebum, Skin-tlightening, Moistirizing, Anti-aging

Antibacterial and cytotoxic properties of isoprenoids from the red sea soft coral, Lobophytum sp

Abstract: Purpose: To evaluate the antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of the secondary metabolites of Lobophytum sp. Methods: Maceration with methanol: chloroform (1: 1) was applied to extract the coral material. Chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques were employed for fractionation, isolation and elucidation of pure compounds. Antibacterial activities were performed by well diffusion method against three Gram-positive and four Gram-negative bacteria. Brine shrimp lethality test was employed to predict toxicity, while antitumor activity were tested by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method against Ehrlich carcinoma cells. Results: Four sesquiterpenes, one cembranoid type diterpenes and two steroids were isolated. 1 exhibited significant antibacterial activity against four tested bacteria (P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, S. epidermis, and S. pneumonia) with MIC value of 15 mu g/mL. Moreover, 1 showed high diameter zone of inhibition ranging from 16 - 18 mm against test bacteria. Compounds 4 and 5 displayed moderate antibacterial activity against all test bacteria with inhibition zone diameter (IZD) ranging from 11 - 15 mm and MIC values of 30 mu g/mL. 2, 3, 6 and 7 exhibited weak antibacterial activity (IZD, 7 - 11 mm; MIC = 30 mu g/mL). In addition, only diterpene compound (4) showed high toxicity against A. Salina and antitumor activity against Erhlich carcinoma cells with the LD50 of 25 and 50 mu g/mL, respectively. Conclusion: This study reveals the strong antibacterial activity of sesquiterpene alismol (1) and the potential antibacterial and antitumor activity of cembranoid type diterpene, cembrene A (4).

Determination of 8 Synthetic Food Dyes by Solid Phase Extraction and Reversed-Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography

Abstract: Purpose: To develop a simple, selective, and sensitive extraction and assay method for the analysis of eight food dyes. Methods: All sulphonated colors were extracted by an NH2-aminopropyl-modified silica SPE cartridge, and thereafter determined by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) using a C18 column with gradient elution of ammonium acetate buffer (pH 6.7), methanol, and acetonitrile. The analysis was carried out on a UV detector with two optimized method settings within 17 min. Results: Certificated standard material (CRM) was used to validate the method, and significant difference was not observed between the results and assigned values. Maximum LOD was 1.154 ppm at 250 nm for Brilliant blue, and 0.873 ppm for carmoisine. Recovery was 94.2 % for Brilliant blue in jelly powder. Conclusion: This method was successfully applied to determine colorants in various (30) water-soluble foods, including fruit flavored drinks, sugar confectionery, sweets, etc.

Licochalcone A exerts antitumor activity in bladder cancer cell lines and mice models

Abstract: Purpose: To investigate the effect of licochalcone A (LA) on the inhibition of cell proliferation and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in bladder carcinoma cell lines. Methods : Cell viability was investigated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide (MTT) assay. Dye-binding method was used to examine the concentration of proteins. Lymphocytes were extracted from mice and after surface staining were subjected to BD fixation and permeabilization for intracellular staining. Flow cytometry was used to measure cellular fluorescence. Results : MTT results revealed a significant decrease in the proliferation of UM-UC-3, J82 and HT-1197 cell lines on treatment with LA. LA also induced reduction in phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in all three carcinoma cell lines. In the mouse model, licochalcone A treatment via intraperitoneal (ip) administration induced a significant decrease in the level of regulatory T cells (Tregs). Comparison of the mouse interferon-α (IFN-α)-treated and LA-treated groups revealed that LA treatment caused enhancement of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity similar to that of IFN-α. Administration of UM-UC-3 cells in C3H/HeN mice resulted in marked reduction in the counts for splenocytes and CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ T (regulatory T cells) cell proportion in LA-treated mice compared to untreated control group. Conclusion : Licochalcone A may be of therapeutic importance for the prevention of bladder carcinoma. However, studies are required to ascertain the compound’s usefulness in this regard. Keywords : Licochalcone A, Bladder carcinoma, Splenocytes, Phosphorylation, Cell proliferation, Interferon

Design, synthesis and antiproliferative activity of hydroxyacetamide derivatives against HeLa cervical carcinoma cell and breast cancer cell line

Abstract: Purpose: To design and develop a new series of histone deacetylase inhibitors (FP1 - FP12) and evaluate their inhibitory activity against hydroxyacetamide (HDAC) enzyme mixture-derived HeLa cervical carcinoma cell and MCF-7.Methods: The designed molecules (FP1 - FP12) were docked using AUTODOCK 1.4.6. FP3 and FP8 showed higher interaction comparable to the prototypical HDACI. The designed series of 2-[[(3- Phenyl/substituted Phenyl-[4-{(4- (substituted phenyl)ethylidine-2-Phenyl-1,3-Imidazol-5-One}](-4H- 1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]-N-hydroxyacetamide derivatives (FP1-FP12) was synthesized by merging 2- [(4-amino-3-phenyl-4H- 1, 2, 4-triazol-5-yl) sulfanyl]- N-hydroxyacetamide and 2-{[4-amino-3-(2- hydroxyphenyl)-4H-1,2, 4-triazol-5-yl]sulfanyl}-N hydroxyacetamide derivatives with aromatic substitutedoxazolone. The biological activity of the synthesized molecule (FP1-FP12) was evaluated against HDAC enzyme mixture-derived HeLa cervical carcinoma cell and breast cancer cell line (MCF-7).Results: HDAC inhibitory activity of FP10 showed higher IC50 (half-maximal concentration inhibitory activity) of 0.09 μM, whereas standard SAHA molecule showed IC50 of 0.057 μM. On the other hand, FP9 exhibited higher GI50 (50 % of maximal concentration that inhibited cell proliferation) of 22.8 μM against MCF-7 cell line, compared with the standard, adriamycin, with GI50 of (-) 50.2 μM.Conclusion: Synthesis, spectral characterization, and evaluation of HDAC inhibition activity and in vitro anticancer evaluation of novel hydroxyacetamide derivatives against MCF-7 cell line have been achieved. The findings indicate the emergence of potentialanticancer compounds.Keywords: Molecular docking, Hydroxyacetamide derivative, Histone deacetylase inhibition activity, MCF-7 cell line

6-(4-Aminophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-3(2H)-pyridazinone - An important chemical moiety for development of cardioactive agents: A review

Abstract: 6-(4-Aminophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-3(2H)-pyridazinone moiety is a vital structural part of many cardio-active pyridazinone derivatives which are either in clinical use or have been tested in clinical trials. These include imazodan, CI-930, pimobendan, indolidan, levosimendan, SK&F-93741, Y-590, meribendan, NSP-804, NSP-805, bemoradan, senazodan, amipizone, prinoxodan, SKF 95654, siguazodan and KF 15232. This article briefly reviews relevant literature on various reports on the synthesis and use of this moiety for development of cardio-active agents. Keywords : 6-(4-Aminophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-3(2H)-pyridazinone, Cardio-active agents, Imazodan, Pimobendan, Indolidan, Levosimendan

In vivo analgesic activity and safety assessment of Vitis vinifera L and Punica granatum L fruits extracts

Abstract: Purpose: To investigate the analgesic properties of fruit extracts of Vitis vinifera (grape) and Punica granatum (pomegranate) in Albino mal mice. Methods: The analgesic activity of fruit extracts of V. vinifera and P. granatum were examined in vivo using thermal stimulus assays (i.e., tail immersion and hot plate) and acetic acid-induced writhing test using acetylsalicylic acid (0.1 g/kg, per os) as standard. The extracts were administered orally in doses of 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 g/kg. Results: In acetic acid writhes test, both fruit extract pretreatments (1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 g/kg, per os) significantly decreased the number of writhes ( p < 0.0001) in a dose-dependent manner compared to control. The Index of Pain Inhibition (IPI) values following V. vinifera extract treatments were 36.52 % (1.0 g/kg), 66.67 % (2.0 g/kg) and 89.71 % (3.0 g/kg) which were significantly different from those for P. granatum extracts (45.39 %, 1.0 g/kg), 70.93 %, 2.0 g/kg) and 86.88 %, 3.0 g/kg) at equivalent doses of 2.0 and 3.0 g/kg of the extracts The fruit extracts of both species increased the reaction latency time. In tail-immersion assay, only the fruit extract of P. granatum significantly increased the response to heat stimulus at doses of 2.0 g/kg ( p < 0.05). Conclusion: The hydroalcohol fruit extracts of P. granatum and V. vinifera have potential analgesic effects. Further studies are needed to determine the active component responsible for this effect. Keywords: Vitis vinifera , Punica granatum , Analgesic activity, Tail immersion test, Hot plate test, mouse writhings inhibition assay

Evaluation of In vitro Antioxidant and In vivo Antihyperlipidemic Activities of Methanol Extract of Aerial Part of Crassocephalum crepidioides (Asteraceae) Benth S Moore

Abstract: Purpose: To evaluate the antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic activities of the methanol extract of aerial part of Crassocephalum crepidioides (Asteraceae) Benth. S. Moore. Methods: The methanol extract of Crassocephalum crepidioides was prepared by organic solvent extraction (Maceration) and assessed for in vitro antioxidant activity using various methods, namely, 2,2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, total phenol and flavonoid content and reducing capacity. The extract was also evaluated for antihyperlipidemic activity in high-fat diet and triton WR-100 (iso-octyl polyoxyethylene phenol)-induced hyperlipidemic albino rats by evaluating serum total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), triglycerides (TG), very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-c), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) level and atherogenic index (AI). Results: The plant extract showed significant antioxidant activity in a dose-dependent manner. In highfat diet hyperlipedemic rats, the extract significantly reduced ( p < 0.01 or 0.001) serum TC, TG, LDL-c and VLDL-c levels, but significantly increased ( p < 0.05) serum HDL c level. In triton-induced hyperlipidemic rats, the extract significantly reduced ( p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.001) serum TC, TG, LDLc, VLDL-c levels but significantly increased ( p < 0.05) serum HDL-c level. The extract showed significant reduction ( p < 0.01) in AI at 300 mg /kg/day dose in both high fat-induced (1.70 ± 0.25) and tritoninduced (1.5 ± 0.17) hyperlipidemic albino rats. Conclusion: Based on these findings, the extract of Crassocephalum crepidioides aids in lowering hyperlipidemia in rats. This is probably due to its antioxidant activity. Keywords: Antioxidant, Antihyperlipidemic, Crassocephalum crepidioides , Triton WR-100, Atherogenic index

Prevalence of Listeria species in some foods and their rapid identification

Abstract: Purpose: To investigate the occurrence of Listeria spp., (particularly L. monocytogenes ), in different foods and to compare diagnostic tools for their identification at species level. Methods: Samples of high protein foods such as raw meats and meat products and including beef products, chicken, fish and camel milk were analysed for the presence of Listeria spp. The isolates were characterised by morphological and cultural analyses, and confirmed isolates were identified by protein profiling and verified using API Listeria system. Protein profiling by SDS-PAGE was also used to identify Listeria spp. Results: Out of 40 meat samples, 14 (35 %) samples were contaminated with Listeria spp., with the highest incidence (50 %) occurring in raw beef products and raw chicken. Protein profiling by SDSPAGE was used to identify Listeria spp. The results were verified with API Listeria system. Approximately 25 % of the identified isolates were Listeria seeligeri , Listeria welshimeri , and Listeria grayi (three positive samples), while 16.66 % of the isolates were Listeria monocytogenes (two positive samples); 16.6 % of the isolates were Listeria innocua (two positive samples), while 8.3 % of the isolates were Listeria ivanovii (one positive sample). Conclusion: High protein foods contain different types of Listeria species; whole-cell protein profiles and API Listeria system can help in the identification of Listeria at the species level. Keywords: Listeria spp, High protein food, Api Listeria , Protein profile

Structural characterization of inclusion complex of arbutin and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin

Abstract: Purpose: To improve the solubility and stability of arbutin and to expand its application by preparing its inclusion complex with hydroxypropyl-β- cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD). Methods: An inclusion complex made of arbutin and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) was prepared by freeze-drying method. Various analytical techniques, including ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffractometry (XRD) and thermo-gravimetric/differential scanning calorimetry (TG/DSC), were used to characterize the inclusion complex. Results: UV spectra indicated that no new unsaturated bond was formed in the inclusion complex. Infrared analysis showed that the smaller peaks in the proximity of 1450 - 1600 cm-1 were characteristic of the aromatic nucleus, indicating that the phenyl ring of arbutin was involved in the formation of the inclusion complex. Scanning electron micrographs of the inclusion complex showed that the original morphology of both components disappeared, and some tiny aggregates of amorphous areas of irregular size were present, revealing that the arbutin was dispersed in HP-β-CD. The powder XRD pattern of the inclusion complex was more similar to that of amorphous HP-β-CD and did not exhibit the characteristic peaks of arbutin which suggest that arbutin in HP-β-CD matrix was molecularly dispersed, and existed in an amorphous state. The TG curve of the inclusion complex was a one-step process, partly proving the formation of the complex. Complex formation with HP-β-CD remarkably improved the physical and chemical stabilities of arbutin. Conclusion: Inclusion complex of arbutin with HP-β-CD improves the heat stability of arbutin remarkably. This has a potential for expanding the application of arbutin to pharmaceuticals and food. Keywords: Arbutin, Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, Inclusion complex, Physicochemical properties, Stability, Solubility

Effect of Low Level Cadmium Exposure on Superoxide Dismutase Activity in Rat

Abstract: Purpose: To investigate the effect of low level cadmium (Cd) exposure on the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in rat. Methods: Thirty-two male albino rats were divided into four groups of eight animals each. Group one received distilled water and served as control. The other three groups were exposed to 100, 200 and 300 ppm cadmium doses, respectively, in their drinking water for 6 weeks. At the end of 6 weeks, blood, brain and liver were removed from the animals and SOD activities were investigated spectrophotometrically at 480 nm. Results: The data revealed a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in organ weight of the exposed rats, and with the highest cadmium accumulation in liver ranging from 2.99 ± 0.20 μg Cd/g tissue in control to 34.57 ± 2.06 μg Cd/g tissue for the 300 ppm dose group. Exposure to cadmium resulted in significant (p < 0.05) decrease in SOD activity in plasma, erythrocytes, brain and liver in a dose-dependent manner compared to control. The data showed a negative correlation between tissue cadmium and SOD in plasma, erythrocyte and brain. While positive associations were observed between blood and tissue (brain and liver) cadmium and SOD, a significant (p < 0.01), negative correlation was found between tissue cadmium and SOD. Conclusion: As Cd dose increase, plasma, erythrocyte, brain and liver SOD activities decrease. This might affect the maintenance of the normal body physiological conditions. Keywords: Cadmium, Superoxide dismutase, Liver, Brain, Toxicity, Environmental contaminant