Showing papers in "Virology & Mycology in 2020"

SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Abstract: The SARS-CoV-2 infection is likely from a zoonotic source. Transmissibility between people happens principally through beads and surface contacts. People with the infection may shed it while suggestive or asymptomatic. Despite the fact that brooding period is as long as 12 days, middle term of viral shedding can be as long as 20 days. Clinical manifestations change generally and might be mellow (80%), moderate (15%), or serious (5%).

Coronavirus Nsp2 Protein Homologies to the Bacterial DNA Topoisomerase I and IV Suggest Nsp2 Protein is an Unique RNA Topoisomerase with Novel Target for Drug and Vaccine Development

Abstract: COVID-19 is a deadly infectious (+) stranded RNA Virus which produces a 7098AA length polyprotein that degraded into sixteen polypeptides in infected human cells. As the Coronavirus infections now pandemic claiming >300000 peoples worldwide, discovery of molecular target is great. The biological functions of the Coronavirus non-structural nsp2 protein is unknown. BLAST search is the best method to understand the function of unknown protein on the basis of sequence homology among the known protein amino acid sequence available in the Genbank Database. Few type I DNA topoisomerases show RNA Topoisomerase activity and such activity was found in Nsp2 protein by homology search with Vibrio haemolyticus Type I and type IV DNA topoisomerase as well as E. coli DNA gyrase and DNA primase. The RNA topoisomearse activity of COVID-19 needed to release the RNA-RNA knots and supercoils during (-) strand synthesis followed by sub-genomic mRNA synthesis. Such enzyme would be a target for DNA topoisomerases inhibitors used against bacterial infections and cancer. We concluded that Nsp2 protein is related to Type I and type IVDNA Topoisomerase of Vibrio haemolyticawhere NH2-terminas of topoVI has similarity to CO2H terminas of Nsp2 protein and CO2H domains of topoI has similarity stretches to the NH2-terminus of Nsp2 protein. Deep sea thermophillic bacteria like Desulfococcus sp and Marinobacter sp DNA topoisomerase I have 25%-30% homologies with stretches. Thus, Nsp2 protein is a RNA Topoisomerase of Coronavirus and is a strong candidate for drug design and vaccine development. Thirty amino acids length peptide of Nsp2 protein (H2N-LVN KFL ALC ADSIII GGA KLK ALNLGE TFV-CO2H) may be a good peptide vaccine against Coronavirus. We also designed nsp2F1 primer (5’-CCT GAT AGT CTT GCC GA-3’) and nsp2R1 primer (5’-GAG CAG TTT CAA GAG TGC GG-3’) for RT-PCR based diagnosis of COVID-19 infection. We are first to determine the function of Nsp2 protein of Coronavirus using bioinformatics approach.

Corona Virus ORF1ab-Derived Nsp9 and Nsp10Non-Structural Proteins have Homologies to S8/S10 Ribosomal Proteins as well as RlmG/ ErmDrRNAMethyltransferasesand may Inhibit Host Mitoribosome Assembly and Protein Synthesis

Abstract: Multi-Alignment method coupled with phylogenetic analysis we disclosed the Nsp9 and Nsp10 non-structural proteins of Corona Virus asrRNARlmH/K methyltransferases with similarities with bin recombinase and int-core integrase fold. Further, Nsp9 has similarities to S8 ribosomal protein and Nap10 has similarity to S10 ribosomal protein. Previously, we showed Nsp13, Nsp14, Nsp15 and Nsp16 are also different types of rRNARlmE/N and Cfr-like methyltransferases-ribonucleasewith RNA helicase domains. Two domains of Nsp13 astonishingly have similarities to ribosomal proteins L6 and L9. Taken together, Nsp9/10 and Nsp13-16 proteins could mimic host ribosome assembly and also could methylate rRNA of mitobibosome preventing mitochondrial protein synthesis and oxidative phosphorylation. Low ATP synthesis causes lowering blood pressure following coma but very ATP concentration (1-10nM) surely induces platelets aggregation through vWA, collagen and GpIIb/IIIaproteins followed byfibrin formation and blood clotting as recently have seen in the lung of many Corona virus infected patients. We have also postulated that two polyproteins itself resemble like 28S and 38S mitoribosome subunits and compete with rRNAs inhibiting the ribosome turnover and new protein synthesis due to their similarities with many ribosomal proteins.Such finding may be valuable in computer-based novel drug design against Corona virus.

A Study on the Biological Mechanism of SARS-CoV-2, its Impacts and Adversities on the Human Body and Medications to Alleviate its Impacts

Abstract: The related several penetration and fusion processes of SARS-COV-2 are very outstanding to observe with some phylogenetic features and pathogenesis of this very respiratory viral disease from the perspective of virology and epidemiology. Furthermore, very interesting to look at is SARS-COV-2, the largest RNA consistent Coronavirus with a substantial classification, sometimes found symptomatic or sometimes asymptomatic. To understand better, some additional figures are included here. Surely that SARS-COV-2 has a very complicated life cycle and genetic make-up and plasma therapeutic action is one of the successful fighters with the assistance of antigen. The role of Receptor Binding Domain and primary hosts in the diffusion of this disease is eventually undeniable.

Whole Genomes of Avian orthoavulavirus 1 (Newcastle Disease Virus Genotypes VIg or new genotype XXI.) in Wild Birds in Kazakhstan

Abstract: Background: The remarkable diversity and mobility of Newcastle disease viruses (NDV) includes virulent viruses of genotype VI. These viruses are often referred to as pigeon paramyxoviruses 1 because they are normally isolated and cause clinical disease in birds from the Columbidae family. Genotype VI viruses occasionally infect, and may also cause clinical disease in poultry. Thus, the evolution, current spread and detection of NDV are relevant to avian health. Methods: Nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic studies of three Kazakhstan isolations were performed to characterize the complete fusion (F)-protein gene as well as whole genome sequence. Sequence data were compared with 106 Fusion genes representing different NDV genotypes and sub-genotypes, as well as 225 fusion genes and 37 whole genome of class VI NDV strains from different regions of the world at different time periods. Phylogenetic trees were constructed to determine evolutionary relationships among these strains. We analysed fusion (F) protein gene and whole genome sequences, including the cleavage site. Results: The complete genome of these 3 isolates contained 15142bp, 15085bp and 15102bp in length, similar to those of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strains in genotypes VIg, with the gene order 3’-NP-P-M-F-HN-L-5’. The cleavage site of the fusion protein was 112KRQKR116-F117, a feature generally associated with virulent NDV strains. Phylogenetic analysis, based on genomic sequences, SNP and fusion gene sequences, revealed that three isolates should be classified as class II genotype VIg NDVs. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the NDV from various sites in Kazakhstan was highly similar genetically and that it clustered together with NDV of genotype VIg. Based on our data analysis, VIg isolates shared highest sequence identity with Russian and Ukraine isolates of the VIg subgenotype, suggests the possible spread of velogenic NDV in this region through cross-border live bird trade. Conclusion: Our study provides baseline information on the genetic characteristics of NDV circulating in Kazakhstan and we propose that the evolutionary and epidemiological study of virulent NDV could help to provide accurate molecular data about variants circulating in this region, thus aiding in the design of more efficient recombinant vaccines.

Virus and the basic paradigm

Abstract: Based on a model study of complex systems, an outline of the paradigm of living matter organization is presented. Known living systems are developmentally developed stages of sophisticated environments, where each higher stage represents a more or less comfortable box for the previous stage. Ultimately, it is a constant process of creating more and more shells - the environment - for water. This is the basic building block and at the same time the basic comfort created by the user. Natural selection is then not a relatively random process, where a more successful one will succeed, but an offer that is ultimately more advantageous for water will prevail-more comfortable. The paradigm then reads: Living systems are created and selected on the basis of the degree of satisfaction of the interests of water.

Women’s Health in the UK-Dietary and Health Challenges across the Life Cycle with a Focus on Micronutrients

Abstract: Background: Women face unique health challenges across their lifespan. Nutrition plays a key role in meeting these health challenges. This paper identifies micronutrient intakes and weight, health and health risks for females in the UK from 11-65 plus and to evaluate associations between nutrient intakes and health. Methods: Micronutrient intakes for women are calculated from the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Programme (NDNS-RP) and weight and health status from the Health Survey for England (HSE) 2018. Results: Few women achieve recommended nutrient intakes across the lifespan. Intakes for several nutrients in women have fallen over the 9 years of the NDNS-RP. A significant proportion of women of all ages had micronutrient intakes below the Lower Reference Intake (LRNI) for vitamin A, riboflavin, iron, calcium, magnesium, potassium, iodine, selenium and zinc. Blood and serum levels of folate fell below WHO cut off points in up to 90 per cent of women of reproductive age and a significant proportion of women have blood levels of vitamin D below the recommended threshold. Intake of oily fish, the major source of long chain-omega-3 fatty acids is well below recommended intakes. Only 4 per cent of adult women and 2 per cent of teenage girls achieve recommended fibre intakes. More than two thirds of women are overweight or obese, 7 per cent have diabetes, 69 per cent of 45-54 year old women have raised cholesterol, 22 per cent of 17-19 year old women have poor mental health, 22 per cent of women have osteoporosis and 618,576 women in the UK have dementia. Conclusions: These low levels of micronutrients are associated with the many health challenges faced by women: bone health, brain health, cardiovascular health, digestive health, eye health, immune function, reproductive health. Intakes of micronutrients should achieve recommended levels, but current diets are creating a nutrient gap. Whilst diets should be improved, a supplement containing recommended intakes of all micronutrients as well as omega-3 fatty acids should be recommended. This includes 10 micrograms of vitamin D and for women during their reproductive years, 400 micrograms folic acid.

Systematic Review of the Approach towards Vaccination and Available Treatment for COVID-19 with Special Reference to India

Abstract: An intense respiratory ailment, brought about by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2, recently known as 2019-nCoV), the coronavirus sickness 2019 (COVID-19) has spread all through China and got overall consideration. On 30 January 2020, World Health Organisation (WHO) formally proclaimed the COVID-19 pestilence as a general wellbeing crisis of global concern. The rise of SARS-CoV-2, since the serious intense respiratory disorder coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2002 and Middle East respiratory disorder coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012, denoted the third presentation of a profoundly pathogenic and enormous scope plague coronavirus into the human populace in the twenty-first century. Starting at 1 March 2020, a sum of 87,137 affirmed cases universally, 79,968 affirmed in China and 7169 outside of China, with 2977 passings (3.4%) had been accounted for by WHO. In the interim, a few autonomous research bunches have recognized that SARS-CoV-2 has a place with β-coronavirus, with exceptionally indistinguishable genome to bat coronavirus, highlighting bat as the characteristic host. The epic coronavirus utilizes a similar receptor, angiotensin-changing over compound 2 (ACE2) as that for SARS-CoV, and for the most part spreads through the respiratory tract. Critically, progressively proof demonstrated supported human-to-human transmission, alongside many sent out cases over the globe. The clinical side effects of COVID-19 patients incorporate fever, hack, weariness and a little populace of patients showed up gastrointestinal contamination side effects. The old and individuals with basic ailments are helpless to contamination and inclined to genuine results, which might be related with intense respiratory trouble disorder (ARDS) and cytokine storm. At present, there are scarcely any particular antiviral methodologies, however a few intense applicants of antivirals and repurposed drugs are under examination.

Acupuncture Treatment the Feasibility of New Coronavirus Pneumonia (COVID-19) during Rehabilitation

Abstract: As of now, the pestilence has spread everywhere on the world. With the steady control of the plague in China, the blend of Chinese and Western medication has become more compelling, the disconnection has been taken out and the quantity of patients released from emergency clinic has expanded. Numerous patients who have recuperated from genuine infections have not recuperated from their ailment and their personal satisfaction has not yet gotten back to business as usual. In this way, it is essential to forestall and recuperate from ailment. Present day clinical and exploratory investigations have indicated that needle therapy and moxibustion can control human insusceptible capacity, have mitigating and against infective impacts, and assume a superior part in the counteraction and treatment of irresistible sicknesses. Simultaneously, the upsides of needle therapy, for example, straightforward activity, low cost and negligible results, have been broadly perceived by most of patients.

Smallpox: the Infection and the Arms

Abstract: Essentially, when smallpox first affected humans, it is difficult to tell, although research suggests that it may have first appeared during the Neolithic Period. The first credible evidence of smallpox contamination is provided by the mummified remains of Egyptians, specifically Pharaoh Ramses V (d. 1157BC). Smallpox was deeply established in Asia in the 6th century AD. The Crusades and Asia's increasing trade spread the disease to Europe. The Europeans took the disease to the New World from there, and by the middle of the 18th century, with the exception of Australia, the disease was widespread almost anywhere in the world. In the late 18th century, Jenner produced the first smallpox vaccine. He used the pus from cowpox lesions to produce the vaccine, noticing that milkmaids who contracted cowpox (a similar relative to smallpox) developed immunity to the disease. About a century and a half since, a global vaccine campaign was launched by the World Health Organization (WHO). The initiative was successful and the last naturally occurring case of smallpox recorded was in 1977. In 1980, WHO formally declared the disease eradicated. There are currently only two official virus libraries, one at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, Georgia, and the other at the Russian State Virology and Biotechnology Research Center in Koltsovo. The Variola virus belongs to the Poxviridae family, the Chordopoxvirinae subfamily, and the Orthopoxvirus class, including vaccinia, monkeypox virus, and many other serologically cross-reactive animal poxviruses.[1] Smallpox affects people of all ages, but in young people and older people, it has the highest death rates. Transmission happens mostly via the respiratory tract (from secretions of the nose and mouth) and infection can occur from as little as ten viral particles.[2,3] The death rate of untreated persons with naturally occurring cases is between 20 % and 50 % Viremia, toxaemia, disseminated intravascular coagulation, hypotension, or coronary collapse are typically the result of death.

Immunosuppression Effected by HIV

Abstract: Immunosuppression in view of HIV illness is a resultant of a couple of factors including flawed intrinsic hailing pathways, extended viral replication and contamination load, slow loss of periphery CD4+T cells and utilization of T lymphocytes at mucosal districts that inside and out lead to reformist safe inadequacy and AIDS Excitotoxicity happens when neurons are introduced to raised degrees of glutamate that causes a decided incitation of the N-methyl-d-aspartate destructive (NMDA) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole propionic destructive (AMPA) receptors and voltage-gated calcium coordinates achieving a lethal immersion of extracellular calcium.

Aspergillosis: Causes, Forms, and Medication; A Fungal Infection

Abstract: Aspergillus is a ubiquitous mould genus typically found in soil and rotting vegetation. Sources, modes and treatment. In defining the diseases caused by Aspergillus, the term' aspergillosis 'is used but most generally refers to those caused by Aspergillus fumigatus. Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus terreus and Aspergillus niger are other animals that can cause human illness [1]. Aspergillus releases massive numbers of conidia (asexual spores) into the air as part of its life cycle and can thus be present in both outdoor and indoor environments. Aspergillus conidia inhalation is normally a daily phenomenon, but only a limited number of individuals experience chronic illness and are at an elevated risk of aspergillosis (e.g. people with compromised immune systems and/or impaired lungs). It is difficult to quantify the burden of aspergillosis in the UK because of the insensitivity of fungal culture, the lack of regular, sensitive, non-culture diagnostic testing and the lack of a national surveillance network. A 2017 study estimated that 3,288-4,257 cases of invasive aspergillosis, up to 3,600 cases of recurrent pulmonary aspergillosis and 110,667-235,070 cases of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) complicating asthma or cystic fibrosis are registered every year in the UK [2].