Showing papers in "World Sci-tech R & D in 2002"

All Solid State Laser and Nonlinear Optical Frequency Conversion Technology

Abstract: Among different kinds lasers, laser diode pumped solid state lasers (all solid state lasers or LDPSSL, DPL) have become main direction of laser technology now which have a lot of advanced such as high conversion efficiency, good beam quality, good stability, long life and wide operated wavelength of laser media. DPL combines with nonlinear optical frequency conversion technology will extend more wide wavelength region. The developments of all solid state laser technology, nonlinear optical frequency conversion and quasi-phase matching technology, as well as their important status in the laser and opto-electronic fields are summarized in this paper. The basic principle, characteristics, critical technologies and their extensively useful perspective are also described.

Concentrations and Emissions of Greenhouse Gases and Climatic Change in Polar Region

Abstract: The polar region, which is very sensitive to response and feedback to global climatic changes, is one of important sources and sink areas for greenhouse gases and becomes the important area for the studies of greenhouse gases. This paper deals with the current progress about the studies for greenhouse gases, such as CO 2?CH 4?N 2O. The contents are as follows: the relationships between the concentrations for greenhouse gases in polar region and global climatic changes; the responding relationships between CO 2?CH 4?N 2O emissions from polar soils and climatic changes; The research prospect for the future and urgent research problems are also outlined.

Ecology of Biological Invasions: Achievements and Challenges

Abstract: Biological invasions, one of the three most pressing environmental problems, are unintended consequences of globalisation, which facilitates the transglobal movement of species across all geographical and physical boundaries with the vastly increasing movement of people and commercial goods. In addition to economic impacts, they have profound influence on native biodiversity, communities, ecosystems and even regional ecological security. This review focuses on some important issues of ecology of biological invasions: definition of biological invasion, global change and biological invasions, tens rule, range spread, evolutionary consequences of invasive alien species. Also, we briefly discussed the priority research areas in the future. China will no doubt benefit from entering WTO, but she will also face a more serious problem of biological invasions caused by exchange of living organisms. Therefore, it is hoped that our ecologists pay more attention to the phenomenon of biological invasions so as to avoid severe negative consequences for our environment, economy and society.

The Prospect of Microbial Sustainable Utilization of Lignite

Abstract: The research history, actuality and foreground of lignite transformation were discussed in this paper. There is abundant lignite resources in China, with reserve reaching 1303 hundred million tons, so it must be exploited and used from aspects of energy sources transforming utilization and environmental protection to keep sustainable development. The industrial utilization about lignite includes four aspects: lignite pyrogenation and coking, lignite gasification, lignite liquefaction and extraction of humic acid from lignite. But the study on microbial degradation of lignite started lately. This paper emphasized on isolation of degradative microorganism, mechanism of microbial degradation, advantages of microbial degradation products and the prospect of microbial utilization of lignite.

The Environmental Pollution Caused by Benzo (a) Pyrene, Its Harm to Health and the Research Focuses on It

Abstract: Benzo(a)Pyrene is one of most severe carcinogens of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Its harm to health, its sources and concentrations, its standard of environment quality and industrial emission as well as research focuses are discussed in this paper.

On the Relationship Between the Algebra View and Information View of Rough Set Theory

Abstract: Rough set is a valid mathematical theory developed in recent years, which has the ability to deal with imprecise, uncertain, and vague information. It has been applied in such fields as machine learning, data mining, intelligent data analyzing and control algorithm acquiring successfully. In this paper, we will study the relationship between the algebra view and information view of rough set theory. The equivalent relationship between the algebra view and information view of rough set theory in consistent information systems is analyzed and the inequivalent relationship between these two views in inconsistent information systems are discovered. It corrects an error of many researchers, that is, the algebra view and information view of rough set are equivalent.

Mass Balance in the Lambert Glacier Basin and Variability of the Antarctic Ice Sheet

Abstract: The snow accumulation measurements and shallow core studies carried out in recent years show that the accumulation is higher in east than in west parts of the Lambert Glacier basin.According to the mass budget calculations,the ice flux across a investigation route is larger than the total accumulation over the upstream area were calculated,meaning that the Lambert Glacier basin is in a positive mass balance and hence the ice thickness will be increasing.Based on the data available,it is believed that Antarctic Ice Sheet is in a thin negative mass balance.If climate is worming,the mass balance of the ice sheet will tend to be positive,which will not result in sea level rise.However,the instability of West Antarctic Ice Sheet will increase with the climatic worming and thus will become the most important in the factors causing the sea level rise.

Reviewed on Study of Wheat QTLs

Abstract: The advanced of wheat QTLs have been introduced as follows thirteen aspects: agronomic traits, plant model, quality traits, vernalization response, drought resistance, diseases and pest resistance, etc That could supply a lot of information for wheat genetics and breeding and genome in our country At the end, the result of QTLs of water use efficiency and related traits of wheat carried out by us was introduced in this paper

Review and Prospect of Development of Agricultural Science and Technology in China in Recent and Modern Times

Abstract: In this article, the development course of agricultural science and technology (AST) in China's recent modern times was reviewed, the main achievements of AST in China was elaborated, the basic characteristics of the progress of AST in China during the past 50 years was summarized, and the prospect of the development of China's agriculture in 21st century was analyzed and forecasted. The author pointed out that only by sticking to the leadership of the communist party and walking through socialistic path, did China end up the bitter history of being poor weak, and realize the most intensive and profound social revolution in China's history which make Chinese people can manage their fates by themselves. China has finished the shift from the subsistence stage to the comparatively well off stage, and realized the 2-step strategic targets for China's modernization in advance. One of the major reasons for these successes was the remarkable progress of China's AST, which has made great contribution to the development of China's agriculture and rural economy. In 21st century, China's agriculture will take even heavier responsibility than the last 20 years since China implemented the reform and open policy, because the modernization of agriculture is regarded as the most formidable task in the course of modern construction in China. It is no doubt that in 21st century, the unconventional development of science technology will play a crucial role for China to realize the modernization of agriculture.

Discussing the Modern Educational Institution Again

Abstract: The modern educational institution is approaching a new cross roads, the most new sign of which is creation of GATS in the process of the Uruguay Round (1987-1994) That GATS included educational service means that education industry, marketing and trade has been a general trend at present on the world However, most people from both Chinese and world's educational circles don't get ready enough That is best opportunity for Chinese education to make a leaping over development

Analyzed the Safety of Nuclear Power Station

Abstract: This paper reviews the development of nuclear power in many countries,analyses the safety of nuclear power station.The result shows that nuclear power can be used in safety.

Recent Development of Micromorphology and Its Application

Abstract: As a important subject of pedology, soil micromorphology was setup in 1930s' and solved many questions of pedology. Though soil micromorphology started latter in China,some good study results have been gotten. This paper summarized its development from basic concept ,research method and appliance.

The East Antarctic Block in the Tectonic Evolution of the Rodinia-Gondwana Super Continents

Abstract: It is more than a century that the research on the Gondwana Super Continent remains,in which the East Antarctica Shield is one of the "hot point" regions.Based on the field investigation and thermal-tectonic chronological analyses,Chinese scientists have proposed,as first range in the world that the Gondwana Land,especially the East Gondwana Continent has been formed in the Pan-African aged orogen(～500 my).After the geological survery in the Grove Mountains,it is clear that the Grove Mts.consist mainly of a series of high-grade(upper amphibolite to granulite facies)metamorphic rocks.Geochemical analysis demonstrates that the charnockite,granitic gneiss and granite were belong to aluminous A type plutonic rocks,thus the felsic and mafic granulite were from supracrustal as island arc,oceanic island and middle oceanic ridge basalt.A few high-strained shear zones disperse in regional stable sub-horizontal foliated metamorphic rocks.Three generations of ductile deformation were identified,in which the D 1 is related to the event before Pan-African age,D 2 corresponds to the regional granulite peak metamorphism,whereas D 3 reflects ductile extension in late Pan-African orogenic period.The metamorphic reactions from granitic gneiss indicate a single granutite facies event,but 3 steps were disinterred from mafic granulite,with P-T condition of M 1 800℃,9 3×10 5Pa;M 2800±810℃,6 4×10 5Pa;and M 3 650℃.The U-Pb age data from representative granitic gneiss indicate(529±14)Ma of peak metamorphism,and (534±5)Ma of granite emplacement,and (510±7)of post-tectonic granodioritic veins.All these evidences suggest a huge Pan-African aged mobile belt inside of East Antarctica Shield extending from Prydz Bay via Grove Mountains to the southern Prince Charles Mountains,bisecting the East Antarctic Craton which was thought stable since 1000 Ma.This orogenic belt could link with the Tibet Block(Qiang Tang Plateau) in north,being another major suture during the Gondwana Land assemblage.

Multi-Scale Coupling of Material Properties and Numerical Simulations

Abstract: In this paper, first of all ,some principal physical problems and mathematical methods on multi-level and multi-scale coupling of material computations and designs will be pointed out briefly. Secondly, the author would like to introduce homogenization method and multi-scale asymptotic analysis methods proposed and developed by Professor CUI Junzhi (member of CAE),the author and many scientists in the world for the crucial problems on the structures and engineering of composite materials. In particular, author emphasizes their basic ideas, main results,existing problems and the applications on materials science and engineering. Finally, this paper points out concisely some important and challenge problems on multi-scale coupling and numerical simulations of materials computations and designs,and presents some rough thinking.

ETT—Lead the High-speed Transportation of the 21st Century

Abstract: In the 19th century, the coming of the auto and train superseded the carriage. In the 20th century, the invention of the plane increased the transportation speed about 10 times above autos and trains. In the 1960s, by theory analysis, some research department put up imagine that the transportation speed could reach 22500 km/h, which is 10 times of the speed of a plane. Up to now, the engineering technology, material craftwork, vacuum and auto-control technologies required for building the ETT have been mature. Let's carry on such a historic mission, devote into the practice of the ETT project and meet the forthcoming transportation revolutionary.

Applications and Prospects of Biosensor for Environment Monitoring

Abstract: Applications of biosensor for environment monitoring in water, air and others are summarized and discussed in this paper. Prospects of biosensor are also presented.

The Connotation, Denotation, and Economical Meaning of Innovation

Abstract: This paper discusses the connotation, denotation, and economical meaning of innovation, Innovation-Profit, Labor-Value and Innovation-Value of goods. The connotation of innovation includes to introduce new something or ideals or to make new changes firstly in the world, and the denotation of innovation includes knowledge innovation, technological innovation, institutional innovation etc.

A Bibliometric Analysis of Status on Nanotechnology in the World

Abstract: Taking data from Science Citation Index database 1996-2000, we collected and analyzed the nanotechnology papers, and presented the status of the co-operate and published of the papers in the world; the top 50 high-producing universities, institutes and corporations in the world; the distribution of the international journals which published the nanotechnology papers; compared with other countries of the world in the study of nanotechnology.

Historical Review of Antitumor Drug Research in China

Abstract: In the present paper the history of antitumor drug research in China is reviewed. Some antitumor drugs studied in our Institute such as actinomycin K (Dactinomycin, Gengshengmeisu), anticancer antimony (Sb-71), mecaphane, nitrocaphane, hydroxycamptothecin, homoharringtonine and other new anticancer agents are briefly reported. Several comments on proposal or selection of research projects, drug research and development, and production process are suggested.

The New Progress of Science Data Managing and Sharing Service in China

Abstract: The problem of managing and sharing science data has been puzzling scientific and technological circles for a long time. The "survey group" organized by the Ministry of Science and Technology have deployed overall investigation in recent years, and have taken powerful measures to advance the work. It is reported in this paper about the new process of science data managing and sharing work. We are looking forward to bring a broad attention and sustainment through the paper.

Sustainable Utilization of Tidal Flat Resources in China

Abstract: In this paper, based on the analysis on the questions of tidal flat development in policy, theory and technology fields, the elementary countermeasures of the sustainable utilization is discussed, and some key techniques are promoted, such as protect and utilization of genetics biodiversity on tidal flat, selection, breeding and plantation of plants which suitable for the soil on tidal flat, selection, domestication and integration utilization of halophytes, ecological plantation and culture of forest, weed and herd, ecological and engineering culture in closed seawater ponds, protection, multiplication and cleaner production of benthic resources, artificial breeding and culture of large algae, artificial culture of live foodstuff, and process of plant and animal lived on tidal flat.

The Research Progress on the History of Palaeoclimate and Ice Sheet Advance and Recession in the Antarctic Ice-free Areas

Abstract: The ice-free areas in circum Antarctica appear with the climate becoming warm and the ice sheet retreating ,which are the ideal sites to study on the environmental evolutional history in Antarctica ,even on the global environmental change. In this paper, we mainly discussed the dominating measures and methods by which the scholars reconstruct the palaeoclimatic, palaeoenvironmental change and the history of ice sheet advance and recession in the Antarctic ice-free areas, and we emphasize on dissertating the research progress the history of the glaciation action and palaeoclimate in the ice-free areas around the coast in Antarctic peninsula, West Antarctica and East Antarctica. Finally, the main problems during present research have been pointed out, and the issues to be resolved in the future have been shown.

Retrospect and Prospect of Soil Microbiology and Biological Nitrogen Fixation Researches in China

Abstract: This paper begins with an introductory account on microorganisms as driving forces in biogeochemical cycles, the important roles they play in sustainable agriculture and forestry, and life and health of human beings, as well as a short story about the dawn of soil microbiology and its development in the middle and late 19th Century. Remarkable achievements made since the foundation of new China are highlighted in the paper. Due to great concern of the central government for science and the instruction of a few pioneers in this discipline, teaching and research work on soil microbiology had been conducted nationwide and a great deal was achieved until "cultural revolution" ,when almost all work was stopped,while research advanced rapidly and broke through in a number of directions in developped countries. When social upheaval was over in late 1970s, research in several aspects has been carried out well since and individual subject is already on the frontier of the discipline. However,comparing with the advanced countries we fall behind on the whole and still have a long way to go, with basic research in particular. Mainly there is lack of talented persons and funding. Active research areas are outlined,and suggestions are made by authors to future work on this discipline.