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ACRF Instrumentation Status: New, Current, and Future February 2007

JC Liljegren
TLDR
In this article, an overview of Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program Climate Research Facility instrumentation status is provided, divided into four sections: new instrumentation in the process of being acquired and deployed, existing instrumentation and progress on improvements or upgrades, proposed future instrumentation, and Small Business Innovation Research instrument development.
Abstract: 
The purpose of this report is to provide a concise but comprehensive overview of Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program Climate Research Facility instrumentation status. The report is divided into four sections: (1) new instrumentation in the process of being acquired and deployed, (2) existing instrumentation and progress on improvements or upgrades, (3) proposed future instrumentation, and (4) Small Business Innovation Research instrument development. New information is highlighted in blue text.

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DOE/SC-ARM/P-07-002.2
ACRF Instrumentation Status:
New, Current, and Future
February 2007
James Liljegren
ACRF Instrument Team Coordinator
Work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy,
Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research
Summary
The purpose of this report is to provide a concise but comprehensive overview of Atmospheric Radiation
Measurement Program Climate Research Facility instrumentation status. The report is divided into four
sections: (1) new instrumentation in the process of being acquired and deployed, (2) existing
instrumentation and progress on improvements or upgrades, (3) proposed future instrumentation, and
(4) Small Business Innovation Research instrument development. New information is highlighted in
blue text.
February 2007, DOE/SC-ARM/P-07-002.2
iii
Contents
1
New Instrumentation ........................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 183 GHz Microwave Radiometer .............................................................................................. 1
1.2 High-Frequency Microwave Radiometer .................................................................................. 1
1.3 Radar Wind Profiler .................................................................................................................. 1
1.4 Infrared Sky Imager ................................................................................................................... 2
1.5 Add Multi-Filter Radiometers to Cessna 206 ............................................................................ 2
1.6 DigiCORA-III for Manus, Nauru .............................................................................................. 2
2 Existing Instrumentation ..................................................................................................................... 3
2.1 Atmospherically Emitted Radiance Interferometer ................................................................... 3
2.1.1 Windows and Rapid-Sampling Upgrade ...................................................................... 3
2.2 Aerosol Observing System ........................................................................................................ 3
2.2.1 Reconfigure Southern Great Plains Aerosol Observing System .................................. 4
2.3 Balloon-Borne Sound System ................................................................................................... 4
2.3.1 Make Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program-Barrow Soundings
Available to the Global Telecommunication System ................................................... 4
2.4 Broadband Radiometers ............................................................................................................ 4
2.4.1 Pyrgeometer Calibration Improvements ...................................................................... 5
2.4.2 Radiometer Calibration Facility Data Acquisition System Replacement .................... 5
2.5 Carbon Dioxide Flux System .................................................................................................... 6
2.6 Carbon Monoxide System ......................................................................................................... 6
2.7 CO
2
System ............................................................................................................................... 6
2.8 Cimel Sun Photometer ............................................................................................................... 6
2.8.1 Internet Data Transfer .................................................................................................. 7
2.9 Disdrometer ............................................................................................................................... 7
2.10 Energy Balance Bowen Ratio Station ....................................................................................... 7
2.11 Eddy Correlation Station ........................................................................................................... 7
2.11.1 Add Wetness Sensors ................................................................................................... 8
2.12 G-Band Water Vapor Radiometer ............................................................................................. 8
2.13 Global Positioning System ........................................................................................................ 8
2.14 In situ Aerosol Profiling ............................................................................................................ 8
2.15 InfraRed Thermometer .............................................................................................................. 9
2.16 Multi-Filter Rotating Shadowband Radiometer and Related Systems ...................................... 9
2.16.1 Filter-Detectors ........................................................................................................... 10
2.16.2 Multi-Filter Rotating Shadowband Radiometer Calibration and Data Processing
Improvements ............................................................................................................. 10
2.16.3 Data Logger Replacement .......................................................................................... 10
2.17 Millimeter Cloud Radar ........................................................................................................... 10
2.17.1 MMCR Processor Upgrades ....................................................................................... 11
2.17.2 Add Polarization at Barrow ........................................................................................ 11
2.17.3 Spare Traveling Wave Tubes ..................................................................................... 11
2.17.4 Millimeter Wave Cloud Radar Spectra Processing .................................................... 11
2.17.5 Refurbish Millimeter Wave Cloud Radar Antennas .................................................. 11
2.17.6 Radome or Radome Dryer .......................................................................................... 12
February 2007, DOE/SC-ARM/P-07-002.2
iv
2.18
Micro-Pulse Lidar .................................................................................................................... 12
2.19 Microwave Radiometer ........................................................................................................... 12
2.19.1 Unify Microwave Radiometer Connectors ................................................................. 13
2.20 Microwave Radiometer Profiller ............................................................................................. 13
2.21 Narrow Field of View Radiometer .......................................................................................... 14
2.22 Raman Lidar ............................................................................................................................ 14
2.22.1 Add Automatic Alignment System ............................................................................ 15
2.23 Rotating Shadowband Spectrometer ....................................................................................... 15
2.24 Radar Wind Profiler – 915 MHz ............................................................................................. 15
2.24.1 Upgrade to Digital Receivers ..................................................................................... 16
2.25 Radar Wind Profiler – 50 MHz ............................................................................................... 16
2.26 Soil Water and Temperature System ....................................................................................... 16
2.26.1 Replace In-Ground Sensor Arrays ............................................................................. 16
2.27 Shortwave Spectrometer .......................................................................................................... 17
2.28 Surface Meteorological Instrumentation ................................................................................. 17
2.28.1 Develop Dynamic Rain Gauge Calibration Facility ................................................... 17
2.28.2 Upgrade T/RH Probes and Wind Sensors for NSA Met Systems .............................. 17
2.29 Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer .................................................................................. 18
2.30 Hot Plate Total Precipitation Sensor ....................................................................................... 18
2.31 Total Sky Imager ..................................................................................................................... 18
2.32 Meteorological Tower Systems ............................................................................................... 18
2.33 Vaisala Ceilmeter .................................................................................................................... 19
2.34 W-band Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program Cloud Radar ................................... 19
3 Future Instrumentation Planning ....................................................................................................... 20
3.1 Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program Volume-Imaging Array ................................ 20
3.2 Portable Raman Lidar .............................................................................................................. 21
3.3 Absolute Scanning Radiometer ............................................................................................... 21
3.4 High-Resolution Oxygen A-Band and Water-Band Spectrometer .......................................... 21
3.5 Rotating Shadowband Spectrometer Overhaul ....................................................................... 21
3.6 Add 1.6 µm Channel to Multi-Filter Rotating Shadowband Radiometer and
Narrow Field of View .............................................................................................................. 22
3.7 Aerosol Particle Sizing Spectrometer to Replace Optical Particle Counter at
Southern Great Plains .............................................................................................................. 22
3.8 Future Microwave Radiometers .............................................................................................. 22
3.9 Modified Muti-Filter Rotating Shadowband Radiometer for Liquid Water Path ................... 22
3.10 Infrared Thermometers for the Southern Great Plains Extended Facility Sites ...................... 23
4 Small Business Innovation Research ................................................................................................ 24
4.1 Eye-Safe Ultraviolet Backscatter Lidar for Detection of Sub-visual Cirrus ........................... 24
4.2 Instrumentation for Remotely Sensing Aerosol Optical Properties –
Aerosol Phase Function ........................................................................................................... 24
4.3 Unmanned Aerospace Vehicle-Suitable Cloud Radar ............................................................. 24
4.4 Radiometer Radiosonde .......................................................................................................... 24
4.5 In situ Measurement of Cloud Properties with Large Sample Volumes ................................. 25
February 2007, DOE/SC-ARM/P-07-002.2
1
1 New Instrumentation
1.1 183 GHz Microwave Radiometer
Radiometrics Corporation has proposed to deploy at North Slope of Alaska (NSA)-Barrow a new
183 GHz microwave radiometer that they have developed under a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)
Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) grant (ECO-00609).
STATUS – The radiometer has been shipped to Barrow to participate in the Radiative Heating in Under-
explored Bands Campaign (RHUBC). The data will not be ingested but will be available from the
intensive operational period (IOP) section of the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program
Archive.
1.2 High-Frequency (90/150 GHz) Microwave Radiometer
Mentor: Maria Cadeddu, Argonne National Laboratory
In response to the need for greater sensitivity (and therefore higher frequency) microwave channels to
more accurately measure liquid water paths in thin clouds than the current 23.8/31.4 GHz instruments
permit, a new High-Frequency Microwave Radiometer (MWRHF) has been acquired, and is currently
deployed at Southern Great Plains (SGP) (ECO-00491).
STATUS – Ingest development for the MWRHF has been completed. Data are available from the ARM
Archive back to November 2006 (sgpmwrhfC1.b1). Deployment of the MWRHF to the NSA-Barrow site
has been delayed due to funding limitations associated with the Continuing Resolution. A second
instrument will be deployed with the ARM Mobile Facility (AMF) at Heselbach, Germany in late
April 2007.
1.3 Radar Wind Profiler
Mentor: Rich Coulter, Argonne National Laboratory
A 4-panel 1290 MHz radar wind profiler (RWP) has been ordered from Vaisala for the 2007 AMF
deployment in Germany. An operating frequency of 1290 MHz was selected to match EU and other
global frequency allocations for boundary layer radar profilers (ECO-00513). In July 2006 the Federal
Aviation Administration denied a request for a license to operate the new RWP at the SGP for testing
prior to the AMF deployment to Germany in 2007.
STATUS – The new RWP has arrived at the AMF site at Heselbach, Germany.
References
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REVIEW ARTICLE Cloud Feedbacks in the Climate System: A Critical Review

Graeme L. Stephens
TL;DR: A review of cloud-climate feedbacks can be found in this paper, where it is argued that cloud feedbacks are likely to control the bulk precipitation efficiency and associated responses of the planet's hydrological cycle to climate radiative forcings.
Journal ArticleDOI

In Situ Cloud Sensing with Multiple Scattering Lidar: Simulations and Demonstration

K. Franklin Evans, +4 more
- 01 Nov 2003 - 
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used a neural network trained on three parameters fit to the time series of each detector to predict the extinction at four volume-averaging scales, the cloud geometric thickness, and the optical depth at four averaging scales.
Frequently Asked Questions (14)
Q1. What is the reason for the change in the alignment of the laser?

Due to small thermal gradients in the laser and the lidar enclosure, the alignment of laser beam in the detectors’ field-of-view (FOV) changes with time, which can affect the data quality, sometimes substantially. 

Because the PIRAQ processor does not support polarization, the installation of the orthomode transducer at Barrow is on hold until the next processor upgrade. 

10ACRF has ~50 multi-filter radiometers deployed in a variety of configurations including the MFRSR, the downward-facing MFR, and the NIMFR. 

Because the unfiltered channel is now being used in a broadband radiometer best estimate VAP for quality checking purposes, only a limited number of MFRSRs would be modified to accept a 1.6 µm channel. 

Software modifications would be required to position the shadow band at several additional angles near the solar disk; modifications to the shadow band would be needed to either narrow it or increase its distance from the diffuser. 

A new set of fluid dispersion manifolds (perforated annuli) has been developed to reduce the temperature gradients in the blackbody. 

Twelve SGP EF sites are currently equipped with IRTs; 10 additional IRTs would be needed to permit an IRT to be deployed at all 22 SGP extended facilities. 

Radiometrics Corporation has proposed to deploy at North Slope of Alaska (NSA)-Barrow a new 183 GHz microwave radiometer that they have developed under a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) grant (ECO-00609). 

These will be installed in a phased manner: 5 sites per year over the 4 years beginning in 2005 with the sites having multiple failed sensors given highest priority. 

Ogren has suggested replacing the aging Optical Particle Counter included in the SGP AOS with a new Aerosol Particle Sizing Spectrometer to be integrated into the existing TDMA. 

Most acute is the fact that in situ measurements at a particular point give no information on the vertical distribution above and below that point, while active remote sensing retrievals typically give instantaneous vertically-resolved information. 

Because the drift is not observed in the two-channel retrieval it is likely that there is a drift in the 51-GHz channel, which requires recalibration with liquid nitrogen (LN2). 

The decrease is evident in the peak signals as well as in the background signals which rules out degradation of the laser as a reason. 

This compares with -2.5 W/sq m to +10 W/sq m when applying Eppley calibration factor and dome correction factor = 3.5.FY2008) The data acquisition system in the Radiometer Calibration Facility used for annual Broadband Outdoor Radiometer Calibration (BORCAL) activities is over ten years old and needs to be updated.