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Patent

Animal control system

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TLDR
In this paper, a system for controlling the movement of an animal relative to a controlled area delineated by a wire loop antenna is described, where a frequency modulated signal is transmitted by the FM transmitter connected to the loop.
Abstract
There is described a system for controlling the movement of an animal relative to a controlled area delineated by a wire loop antenna. The controlled area may be inclusive or exclusionary. A frequency modulated signal is transmitted by the FM transmitter connected to the loop. An FM receiver attached to the animal detects the transmitted signal and provides an alarm signal to the animal. The loop antenna is untuned. Low radio frequencies are used and the carrier frequency deviation is large to reduce the systems susceptability to noise. The modulating frequency is limited, also to reduce susceptibility to noise. Integrated circuits are especially designed to permit operation with very low power.

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References
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TL;DR: In this article, the location of a pet or other animal is controlled using one or more transponders to establish a boundary using an incident signal from a transmitter and generate a distinguishable return signal which, when the animal moves into proximity of the boundary, is received by a unit affixed to the animal to initiate application of an aversive stimulus which deters the animal from traversing the boundary.
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