Death in a Promised Land: The Tulsa Race Riot of 1921 Scott Ellsworth

Black Girls Coming of Age: Sexuality and Segregation in New Orleans, 1930-1954.

This dissertation, covering from the 1860s to 1945, is the first study to center African Americans in the history of the politics and economy of the small industrial, majority white city of East St. Louis, Illinois. This investigation adds to the literature the border region concept, black people’s pivotal relation to real estate politicianbusinessmen whose politics and economic policies proved disastrous to city residents, and the importance of patronage and black machine politics. It examines the African American urban experience in context of continuous waves of black migrations, urbanization, industrialization, progressive era politics, the Great Depression, and the World Wars. Though black East St. Louisans, between the 1890s and the 1920s, encountered increasing segregation, discrimination, and racial violence, they experienced, not a nadir, but much ferment, building a rich institutional culture, entering the urban industrial economy in significant numbers, undergoing class differentiation, and engaging in a wide range of political and social actions, including electoral politics to secure patronage and win political seats in city and county governments. Black townspeople saw their nascent independent black political machine, but not their community, destroyed during the infamous 1917 “race riots,” which until this dissertation had been the sole topic of black history in pre-World War II East St. Louis. Black residents continued with their political and social actions after the riots, but in a more sharply iv segregated environment. Black East St. Louisans reentered city affairs, but only as junior partners when shifts in the national economy and politics occurred during the Great Depression and the Second World War. Research employs primary source materials in local, regional, and national archives and libraries and, to a lesser extent, secondary literature and oral history. This study concludes that black politics became acceptable to local white power holders when it no longer advanced independence from white political

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Black east st. louis: politics andeconomy in a border city, 1860-1945

/pdf/stranger-fruit-the-lynching-of-balck-women-the-cases-of-rosa-3gbqk2suvr.pdf

"stranger fruit": the lynching of balck women the cases of rosa richardson and

.............................................................................................................................. ii List of Abbreviations ......................................................................................................... iv Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1: “With Colored Servants for Each”: The Ante-Bellum History of African Americans in Perry County ............................................................................. 19 Chapter 2: “To Feel Within Their Hearts ‘A Possibility of Inexhaustible Happiness’”: Reconstruction and the Founding of Religious and Educational Institutions in Perry County ............................................................................................... 61 Chapter 3: The Rising Star: The Life of African Americans in Perry County in the First Half of the Twentieth Century ................................................................ 99 Chapter 4: “Perry County Negro Activities”: The Beginning of the Movement in Perry County ............................................................................................. 142 Chapter 5: “Troopers, Negroes Clash in Marion”: The Climax of the Voting Rights Struggle in Perry County ........................................................... 205 Chapter 6: To “Demand Loyalty and Unity Throughout the Negro Electorate”: The Political Landscape of Perry County Since 1965 ............................... 242 Bibliography .................................................................................................................. 258

Death in a Promised Land: The Tulsa Race Riot of 1921 Scott Ellsworth

Citations

Black Girls Coming of Age: Sexuality and Segregation in New Orleans, 1930-1954.

Black east st. louis: politics andeconomy in a border city, 1860-1945

"stranger fruit": the lynching of balck women the cases of rosa richardson and

From Pre-Civil War to Post-Civil Rights: The Political Lives of African-Americans

In Defense of Looting

References

Black Girls Coming of Age: Sexuality and Segregation in New Orleans, 1930-1954.

Black east st. louis: politics andeconomy in a border city, 1860-1945

"stranger fruit": the lynching of balck women the cases of rosa richardson and

From Pre-Civil War to Post-Civil Rights: The Political Lives of African-Americans

In Defense of Looting