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Desire without History@@@Reading for the Plot: Design and Intention in Narrative

Freud in Oz: At the Intersections of Psychoanalysis and Children's Literature

By the accidents of life, I started out in the literary profession as a narratologist, having French as my foreign language and structuralism as my training. By another accident, I started in Israel. As one of the young, unknown invitees of the Synopsis 2 Conference where an unusual number of established stars were mixed with a good number of beginners like myself, with the most fortunate result, I optimistically brought a formalist, quite technical paper written in French to a conference where most people tended to speak English and some to suspect formalism. My feeling awkwardly out of place was to be combatted by actively participating in the debates, and that this was possible, that within half a day I felt excited and encouraged while having completely revised my views of narratology, was due to the exceptional intellectual and humane qualities of this conference. I have been to a large number of conferences since, but just as childhood bliss is irretrievably lost in later life, so did I never feel the same deep satisfaction again. What was so special about this conference that it deserves memorialization? First of all, it was intellectually open and yet focused enough: a wide variety of topics and attitudes toward narratology and its assumptions made for lively and serious debates. In retrospect, the conference really gave an overview of narratology as a field, neither taking it for granted nor rejecting it a priori. It also marked a turning-point in the discipline. Looking at what the field is today, it seems hard to tell if the conference was at the vanguard or the core of the development; if it announced what was going to happen or demonstrated what was

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The point of narratology

Allen attempts to overthrow the prevalent view of Gower as a rigid and doctrinaire moralist, arguing that the poet is fully aware of the complexity and contingency of moral choice and that his purpose is not simply to correct but to engage the reader in the process of moral decision She cites Chaucer's dedication of TC he remains blind to the way in which his treatment of Custance itself amounts to "something like incest" (p 630, citing Wetherbee) Through ML, Chaucer invokes Gower as an alternative to the conventional morality that ML represents The real threat that Gower offers to ML lies in his effort to provoke the reader's participation in moral choice In both "Canace and Machaire" and "Apollonius of Tyre," Gower depicts incest as both natural and unnatural; he also exhibits a compassion for Canace that is neither exculpatory nor possessive He shifts attention from the horror of the act to the moral responsibility of the human will, and to both the necessity and the complexity of moral choice Amans' reaction to the tale, distancing himself from its overt lesson, also raises questions of moral responsibility and of the process of interpretation that are more relevant to us as readers than are the actions of the characters in the tale To the extent that we accept or reject his reading, Gower forces us to examine the basis of our own interpretive choices in a way that is destabilizing of ML's assertion of a single socially acceptable morality ML also misreads "Apollonius of Tyre," seeing it only as an "endorsement of violence" (p 636) While Gower's tale obviously condemns Antiochus' incest, it also offers an exemplary lesson in growth and self-exploration in the adventures of Apollonius The climactic moment, his reunion with Thaise, verges on a re-enactment of Antiochus' forcing of his daughter, but reverses it through "a series of subtle acts of reading, both within the tale and outside it at the level of the Confessio readers" (p 639) While we may be invited to read like Thaise, we are also shown the possibility of reading like Amans, who again expresses his frustration at the lack of any precise applicability to his own situation, a frustration that perhaps mirrors our own But the only way out for Amans that the poem offers is through reading "Reading itself becomes a paradigmatic moral activity because it has the capacity to apply to different readers' individual development    The kind of morality that Gower has to offer, finally, is the circuitous process of Amans's internal development, and the hope that reading about Amans's reading can generate a complementary moral process in us" (p 640) All of this subtlety in Gower's purpose is lost, of course, on ML, "who refuses to see the ethical implications of Gower's incest stories because he has an inkling that Gower's ethics might challenge his moral stance Specifically, Gower's ethical complexity might discourage the Man of Law's use of a sanctimonious tale to claim social status--and might reveal the ways in which the Man of Law's reception reduces human social activity to a system of violation and victimization" (p 641) As her final example, Allen turns to Gower's "Constance" Where many have read Gower as if he were Trivet, she argues instead that "he lodges a critique of Trivet, destabilizes Constance's morality, and thus presents a subtle argument for the moral value of narrative instability" (p 641) She sees the suppression of the incest motive of the original version of the story as an example of the silence that Genius advocates in face of detraction, but argues that such restraint and silence--as represented in Constance's own passivity and in her refusal to reveal her identity--ultimately victimize the heroine by making her an accomplice in the violence that besets her and by helping preserve the institutions that perpetuate it Such a reading borders on the perverse, Allen acknowledges, and is sustained only by the closest examination of the imagery But that is the poet's purpose, she argues "Gower's narratives include readers in conventional or comfortable assumptions which he subtly destabilizes This process implicates his readers in his plot choices: if at first the plot seems transparent and predictable, as so many readers have found Gower to be, then disjunctive or troubling moments turn the focus onto the readerly desire for predictability and transparency" (p 646) Our own desire for the more comfortable reading can make us too complicit in the violence that Constance suffers Gower's very style may encourage such a passivity, and Chaucer's response may thus constitute a critique: "Gower sets up his readers to read passively, and then proceeds to make us ask in retrospect why we read as we did Chaucer's Man of Law embodies the risk of such a style: he fails to ask questions about his own reception" (p 647) [PN Copyright The John Gower Society JGN 171]

Chaucer Answers Gower: Constance and the Trouble with Reading

1. Introduction. - Ruth Page and Bronwen Thomas Part I: New Foundations 2. From Synesthesia to Multimedia: How to Talk about New Media Narrative - Daniel Punday 3. The Interactive Onion: Layers of User Participation in Digital Narrative Texts - Marie-Laure Ryan 4. Ontological Boundaries and Methodological Leaps: The Importance of Possible Worlds Theory for Hypertext Fiction (and Beyond) - Alice Bell 5. Seeing through the Blue Nowhere: On Narrative Transparency and New Media - Michael Joyce Part II: New Architectures 6. An Interactive Fiction System for Narrative Variation. - Nick Montfort 7. Digitized Corpora as Theory-Building Resource: New Methods for Narrative Inquiry. - Andrew Salway and David Herman 8. From (W)reader to Breather: Cybertextual De-intentionalisation and Kate Pullinger's Breathing Wall - Astrid Ensslin 9. Songlines in the Streets: Story Mapping with Itinerant Hypernarrative - Brian Greenspan 10. Narrative supplements: DVD and the idea of the "text" - Paul Cobley and Nick Haeffner Part III: New Practices 11. All Together Now: Hypertext, Collective Narratives, and Online Collective Knowledge Communities - Scott Rettberg 12. "Update Soon!" Harry Potter Fanfiction and Narrative as a Participatory Process - Bronwen Thomas 13. Blogging on the Body: Gender and Narrative. - Ruth Page 14. Using the Force: Lego Star Wars: The Video Game, Intertextuality, Narrative and Play. - James Newman and Iain Simons 15. Digital Narratives, Cultural Inclusion and Educational Possibility: Going New Places with Old stories in Elementary School - Heather Lotherington Glossary

New Narratives: Stories and Storytelling in the Digital Age

Cognitive science and evolutionary psychology show great potential as ex- planatory paradigms for a wide array of cultural products and activities, including literature. In some scholars' minds these two fields are emerging as the cornerstones of a major ''new interdisciplinarity'' that may well displace the relativistic interpre- tive paradigms that have dominated the humanities for the last few decades.Through a review of a number of recently published works, I assess the situation of these two fields in relation to the specific, currently reigning approaches to literary study as well as in relation to more general issues of academic literary interpretation. What do we have so far, and what can we possibly expect these essentially empirical-scientific disciplines to add to literary criticism? If cognitive science and evolutionary psychol- ogy are to become important in a truly interdisciplinary sense, then what kinds of claims will they need to make? Most important, how will the problematic but un- avoidable distinction between nature and nurture be dealt with? Though the kinds of explanations offered in both fields can obviously enough be relevant to defining what literature is in relation to the human organism, how will the same kinds of explana- tions be involved in the actual interpretation of specific literary texts? For only an approach that provides new interpretive possibilities of actual texts can succeed on any broad level. After considering examples of current interdisciplinary work that, regardless of their other strengths, do not turn out to be significantly new and differ-

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Desire without History@@@Reading for the Plot: Design and Intention in Narrative

Citations

Freud in Oz: At the Intersections of Psychoanalysis and Children's Literature

The point of narratology

Chaucer Answers Gower: Constance and the Trouble with Reading

New Narratives: Stories and Storytelling in the Digital Age

Questioning Interdisciplinarity: Cognitive Science, Evolutionary Psychology, and Literary Criticism