Aim
Research efforts aiming at neuroimaging-aided differential diagnosis for psychiatric disorders have been progressing rapidly. A previous multisite study has developed supplementary diagnostic system using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) that can be easily applied to clinical settings. However, few neuroimaging biomarkers have been developed for psychosis spectrum with various clinical stages.

Methods
We employed the fNIRS as a clinical examination device for 143 participants, comprising 47 ultra-high risk (UHR) individuals, 30 patients with first-episode psychosis (FEP), 34 patients with chronic schizophrenia (ChSZ), and 33 healthy controls, who were independent of the previous study. A 12-month follow-up measurement was also carried out on 34 UHR individuals (72%), 21 patients with FEP (70%), and 33 controls. The fNIRS algorithm variables used for classification were the intensity and timing of prefrontal activation following the start of the cognitive task as used in the previous multisite study.

Results
Discrimination rate by timing of activation was modest but it became acceptable after adjusting confounding factors. Discrimination by intensity of activation was not improved by similar adjustment. 63.8%, 86.7%, and 81.3% were classified to patient group in the UHR, FEP, and ChSZ groups, respectively; and 85.1%, 86.7%, and 71.9% were classified as psychosis spectrum. In the follow-up measurement, 88.2% individuals with UHR and 95.0% patients with FEP were successfully classified into psychosis spectrum group.

Conclusion
The fNIRS for supplementary clinical examination could be validly applied to differentiating people with the psychosis spectrum in various clinical stages. The fNIRS is a candidate biological marker for aiding diagnosis of psychosis spectrum in routine clinical settings.

First, do no harm [Editorial]

Application of functional near infrared spectroscopy as supplementary examination for diagnosis of clinical stages of psychosis spectrum.

Contents
Introduction; A.Scriven
Promoting Health: Perspectives, Policies, Principles, Practice; A.Scriven
PART ONE: NURSES' CONTRIBUTION TO THE PROMOTION OF HEALTH
The Culture, Context and Progress of Health Promotion in Nursing; D.Whitehead
The Health Promoting Role of Health Visitors: Adjunct or Synergy?; J.Weeks, A.Scriven & L.Sayer
A Health Promoting Empowerment Approach to Diabetes Nursing; H.Ashton & J.Rodgers
Health Promotion and the Role of the School Nurse; J.Thomas, P.Wainwright & M.Jones
A Hospital Nursing Based Osteoporosis Prevention Study: Action Research in Action; D.Whitehead PART TWO: PROMOTING HEALTH THROUGH OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY
The Culture and Context for Promoting Health Through Occupational Therapy; A.Wilcock
Promoting Health Through Client Centred Occupational Therapy Practice; T.Sumsion
Healthy Discharges for Older Persons: A Health Promotion Role for Occupational Therapists in Acute Healthcare; A.Atwal
Health Promotion in Eating Disorders: The Contribution of Occupational Therapists; P.Harries
Occupational Therapist and the Promotion of Psychological Health in Rheumatoid Arthritis; J.Adams & S.Pearce PART THREE: PROMOTING HEALTH THROUGH PHYSIOTHERAPY
The Culture and Context for Promoting Health Through Physiotherapy Practice; S.French & J.Swain
Client Health Education and Empowerment Through Physiotherapy in Neurorehabilitation; S.Ashford
Physiotherapists Promoting Health in Cardiac Rehabilitation; J.Jones & S.Hinton
Promoting Health Through a Self-Help Care Model for the Management of Multiple Sclerosis; L.De Souza, L.Ide & C.Neophytou
Promoting the Health of People with Arthritis: Physiotherapy Approaches; J.Lloyd PART FOUR: THE HEALTH PROMOTION CONTRIBUTION OF OTHER ALLIED HEALTH PROFESSIONALS
Promoting Health: The Place of the Specialist Podiatrist; A.Borthwick & S.Nancarrow
Speech and Language Therapists: Their Role in Health Promotion; J.Law, K.Bunning & M.Morris
Promoting Better Nutrition: The Role of Dietitians; J.Verne, C.Fox & P.Scott
Promoting Health Through Community Pharmacies; M.Armstrong, C.Anderson, A.Blenkinsopp & R.Lewis
Orthoptists and their Scope in Health Promotion; F.Rowe & V.Henshall

First, do no harm [Editorial]

Citations

Application of functional near infrared spectroscopy as supplementary examination for diagnosis of clinical stages of psychosis spectrum.

Promoting health: the role of the specialist podiatrist

Primum non nocere? – Om overmot og varsomhet i helsetjenesten

Related Papers (5)

The Effect of Interconnections on Economic Generation Expansion Patterns

Power Systems Restructuring: Engineering And Economics (Book Review)

Introduction [Transmission Access Issues]

China's future in electric energy

The Electrical Engineer's Challenge in Energy Conservation