Iran; the new imperialism in action , Iran; the new imperialism in action , کتابخانه دانشگاه امام صادق(ع)

In retrospect, the United States sponsored coup d'etat in Iran of August 19, 1953, has emerged as a critical event in postwar world history The government of Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddeq which was ousted in the coup was the last popular, democratically oriented government to hold office in Iran The regime replacing it was a dictatorship that suppressed all forms of popular political activity, producing tensions that contributed greatly to the 1978–1979 Iranian revolution If Mosaddeq had not been overthrown, the revolution might not have occurred The 1953 coup also marked the first peacetime use of covert action by the United States to overthrow a foreign government As such, it was an important precedent for events like the 1954 coup in Guatemala and the 1973 overthrow of Salvador Allende in Chile, and made the United States a key target of the Iranian revolution

Iran; the new imperialism in action

The 1953 Coup D'Etat in Iran

Printing, the press and literature in modern iran

THE QāJāR POLITICAL SYSTEM Before discussing the vicissitudes of late Qājār politics, it would be useful to try to understand how 19th century Iranian politics worked. Essentially these workings were only a slight variation on the general pattern of Iranian politics since the 11th century, when large-scale invasions of nomadic Turkish tribes that accompanied the Saljuq incursions, and the spread of the quasi-feudal iqtā‘ system strengthened the regional power of tribal and other military leaders and weakened the strength of central governments. Although there were, between the 11th and 19th centuries, governments of very varied powers, ranging from the strongest of the Saljuq, Mongol and Safavid rulers to periods of complete breakdown of central government, there were certain similarities that characterize the whole of this period. Among these was the status of the numerous nomadic tribes, which ranged from almost total independence to a degree of internal autonomy. Tribes managed not only their own internal affairs, subject generally to tribute and pro-forma confirmation of tribal leaders by the rulers, but also frequently ruled over villagers who inhabited territories in their regions. Beyond this internal autonomy, the tribes constituted the most effective fighting forces in Iran during most of this long period - their mastery of horsemanship and of the latest weapons giving them a decisive advantage over the city population, whom the Shahs generally showed little inclination to train. Every important Iranian dynasty from the Saljuqs to the Qājārs was either tribal in origin or relied on tribal backing in taking power. In the early 19th century, nomadic tribes were estimated to form one third to one half of the Iranian population.

Iran under the later qājārs, 1848–1922

Iranian students amassed one of the most impressive movements of the 1960s Through diligent and efficient transnational organizing in the United States and Western Europe, oppositionist students wedded their rejection of the US-supported regime of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi with a broader, more inclusive internationalism that thrived in the late 1960s This essay situates the Iranian student movement abroad -- both its challenges to the Washington-Tehran alliance and its internationalism -- within the context of US international history Rather than establish and maintain systematic contacts with the opposition abroad to formulate a more dynamic and less myopic foreign policy, the Johnson and Nixon administrations interpreted Iranian student protest as an impediment to forging a stronger alliance with the Shah of Iran

Iran; the new imperialism in action

Citations

The 1953 Coup D'Etat in Iran

Printing, the press and literature in modern iran

Iran under the later qājārs, 1848–1922

“Contacts with the opposition”: American foreign relations, the Iranian student movement, and the global sixties

Iranian relations with russia and the soviet union, to 1921

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