Journal ArticleDOI
Leishmaniasis in Brazil: IX. Considerations on the Leishmania Braziliensis Complex:—Importance of Sandflies of the Genus Psychodopygus (Mangabeira) in the Transmission of L. Braziliensis Braziliensis in North Brazil
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At least 3 different parasites may produce cutaneous leishmaniasis in man in Brazil, and the absence of a large, arboreal population of man-biters suggests that the reservoir-hosts of L. b.Abstract:
At least 3 different parasites may produce cutaneous leishmaniasis in man in Brazil. Leishmania mexicana amazonensis is widely distributed and very common in wild animals, but rarely infects man because the vector is not anthropophilic. L. braziliensis guyanensis and L. braziliensis braziliensis have highly anthropophilic vectors and are thus the major causes of the disease in man. Infections with Leishmania b. braziliensis are described in 17 persons from an endemic area in the Serra dos Carajas, Para, north Brazil. A nearby Indian tribe (Xikrin) was examined and leishmanin skin-tests carried out on 116 individuals. No evidence of past or present infection was found, but strong positive reactions were noted in 83·9% adult males, 38·8% adult females, 14·3% male children and 4·8% female children. A total of 2,701 man-biting and rodent-biting sandflies were dissected and the guts examined for flagellates. Promastigotes were found in 3 out of 1,656 Psychodopygus wellcomei, 2 out of 175 Ps. paraensis and 1 out of 127 Ps. amazonensis. Hamsters inoculated with promastigotes from one Ps. wellcomei developed a typical L. b. braziliensis infection. The importance of sandflies of the genus Psychodopygus is stressed: Ps. wellcomei is of particular importance due to its tendency to bite man during the day and the fact that it is attracted to both man and rodents in large numbers. Nearly all the sandflies were caught at ground level. The absence of a large, arboreal population of man-biters suggests that the reservoir-hosts of L. b. braziliensis are likely to be terrestrial or frequently coming to the ground.read more
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Deforestation: effects on vector-borne disease.
TL;DR: This review addresses changes in the ecology of vectors and epidemiology of vector-borne diseases which result from deforestation from viral and parasitic infections where disease patterns have been directly or indirectly influenced by loss of natural tropical forests.
Journal ArticleDOI
The American leishmaniases: some observations on their ecology and epidemiology
TL;DR: The following paper deals with the better known human leishmaniases of the New World, and some new ones, and discusses the major historical events in the laborious task of elucidating their ecology and epidemiology.
Journal ArticleDOI
Genetic Polymorphism and Molecular Epidemiology of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis from Different Hosts and Geographic Areas in Brazil
Elisa Cupolillo,Lúcia Regina Brahim,Cristiane Bentin Toaldo,Manoel P. Oliveira-Neto,Maria Edileuza Felinto de Brito,Aloísio Falqueto,Maricleide de Farias Naiff,Gabriel Grimaldi +7 more
TL;DR: The results reinforce the clonal theory for Leishmania parasites showing the genetic diversity of this pathogen and an association of L. (V.) braziliensis genotypes with specific transmission cycles, probably reflecting an adaptation of different clones to the vector species involved.
Journal ArticleDOI
Wild and synanthropic hosts of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in the endemic cutaneous leishmaniasis locality of Amaraji, Pernambuco State, Brazil
Sinval Pinto Brandão-Filho,Maria Edileuza Felinto de Brito,Francisco Gomes de Carvalho,Edna Aoba Yassui Ishikawa,Elisa Cupolillo,Lucile Maria Floeter-Winter,Jeffrey Jon Shaw +6 more
TL;DR: It is concluded that small mammals, particularly rodents, are infected with parasites of the subgenus L. (V.) braziliensis, and the isolation of zymodeme IOC/Z74 from humans reinforces the hypothesis that small, ground-loving mammals, such as rodents are the primary reservoirs of L. [Viannia].
Journal ArticleDOI
Proven and putative vectors of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in Brazil: aspects of their biology and vectorial competence
TL;DR: The aim of the present review is to give relevant information on aspects of the biology and ecology, including the vectorial competence of Lutzomyia sand fly species suggested as vectors of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in Brazil.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Leishmaniasis of the New World: taxonomic problems.
Ralph Lainson,J. J. Shaw +1 more
Journal ArticleDOI
Leishmaniasis in Brazil: I. Observations on enzootic rodent leishmaniasis - incrimination of Lutzomyia flaviscutellata (Mangabeira) as the vector in the lower Amazonian basin.
R. Lainson,J.J. Shaw +1 more
TL;DR: It is concluded that Lutzomyia flaviscutellata is the major vector of the Leishmania sp.
Journal ArticleDOI
Natural infections of leptomonad flagellates in panamanian phlebotomus sandflies.
TL;DR: In the sandfly gut the growth pattern and morphology of the leptomonads in natural infections are similar to those of sandflies fed on hamster lesions produced by both Panamanian human strains and a wild-caught sandfly strain.
Journal ArticleDOI
Leishmania mexicana: The epidemiology of dermal leishmaniasis in British Honduras
TL;DR: Dermal leishmaniasis in British Honduras is clearly indicated to be a zoonosis, with the infected animals acting as reservoirs for the human disease, it follows that a large proportion of the population will remain constantly exposed to infection.
Journal ArticleDOI
Leishmaniasis in Brazil: II. Observations on enzootic rodent leishmaniasis in the lower amazon region—the feeding habits of the vector, Lutzomyia flaviscutellata in reference to man, rodents and other animals
Jeffrey Jon Shaw,Ralph Lainson +1 more
TL;DR: The observed biting habits of Lu.
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