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Private practitioners and tuberculosis case detection in Jogjakarta, Indonesia: actual role and potential.

TLDR
This study focuses on tuberculosis in Indonesia, which has a high tuberculosis (TB) prevalence and a large private health sector, and aims to develop a strategy to address this problem.
Abstract
Summary Background Indonesia has a high tuberculosis (TB) prevalence and a large private health sector. Objectives  To explore the potential of private practitioners (PP) in TB control in Jogjakarta by assessing their load of TB suspects and case-management practices. Methods  We conducted a cross-sectional telephone survey of a random sample of 164 PP, weighted to the local proportions of specialists, general practitioners (GP), nurses and midwives. We investigated their knowledge of directly observed treatment, short-course (DOTS), whether they see TB suspects, whether they refer such patients and how they possibly diagnose and treat TB. Results  We sampled 174 PP, of which 164 (94.3%) completed the interview. Most PP (63.4%) reported to have seen TB suspects in their private practice, and 62.8% were also employed in a DOTS facility. Specialists saw on average 18 suspects, GP 11 suspects, and nurses–midwives three suspects in a year. Many PP (45.2%) always relied on National Tuberculosis Control Programme (NTP) services for diagnosis. Fewer PP (41.5%) used, by themselves, diagnostic procedures complying with the NTP guidelines. The majority (63.6%) always referred confirmed cases for treatment, mainly (71.4%) to NTP services. Most PP (72.7%) who treated TB patients themselves did not prescribe the NTP standard regimen. Conclusion  The study shows that the TB case load per PP is low in Jogjakarta, where the NTP already involves public and private hospitals besides public health centres. Initiatives to engage all PP might only marginally contribute in increasing the TB case detection. Donnees de base  L’Indonesie a une prevalence elevee de tuberculose (TB) et un vaste secteur prive de sante. Objectifs  Explorer le potentiel des praticiens prives (PP) dans le controle de la TB a Jogjakarta en evaluant la charge de suspects TB dans leur clientele et les pratiques de gestion des cas de TB. Methodes  Nous avons mene une surveillance transversale par telephone sur un echantillon aleatoire de 164 PP ponderes aux proportions locales de specialistes, de medecins generalistes, d’infirmieres et de sages-femmes. Nous avons investigue leur connaissance du DOTS (administration du schema court de traitement sous observation), s’ils voyaient des suspects TB, s’ils referaient de tels patients et comment ils diagnostiquaient et traitaient la TB. Resultats  Sur un echantillons de 174 PP, 164 (94,3%) ont accompli l’entretien. La plupart des PP (63,4%) ont rapporte avoir vu des suspects TB dans leur cabinet prive et 62,8%etaient egalement employes dans un service DOTS. Les specialistes avaient vu en moyenne 18 suspects, les medecins generalistes 11 suspects et les infirmieres/sages-femmes, 3 suspects en une annee. Beaucoup de PP (45,2%) se sont toujours bases sur les services des programmes nationaux de controle de la tuberculose (PNT) pour le diagnostic. Peu de PP (41,5%) ont employe par eux-memes des procedures de diagnostic conformes aux directives des PNT. La majorite (63,6%) des PP ont toujours refere les cas confirmes de TB pour traitement, principalement (71,4%) dans les services de PNT. La plupart des PP (72,7%) qui ont eux-memes traite des patients TB n’ont pas prescrit le regime standard du PNT. Conclusion  L’etude montre que la charge de cas de TB par pp est faible a Jogjakarta ou le PNT implique deja les hopitaux publics et prives autant que les centres de sante publique. Les initiatives pour engager tout les PP pourraient contribuer, mais seulement marginalement, a augmenter la detection de cas de TB. Antecedentes  Indonesia tiene una alta prevalencia de tuberculosis (TB) y un amplio sector sanitario privado. Objetivos  Explorar el potencial que los medicos con consultas privadas (MPs) tendrian en el control de la TB en Yogyakarta, evaluando su papel en la carga de sospecha de TB y practica de manejo de casos. Metodos  Se realizo un estudio telefonico croseccional a una muestra de 164 MPs elegida al azar y ponderada por la proporcion de especialistas, medicos generales, enfermeras y comadronas. Se evaluo su conocimiento de DOTS (terapia de observacion directa), si atiendian pacientes con sospecha de TB, si refierian a dichos pacientes y como podrian diagnosticarse y tratarse la TB. Resultados  De una muestra de 174 MPs, 164 (94.3%) completaron la entrevista. La mayoria de los MPs (63.4%) reportaron haber visto casos con sospecha de TB en sus consultas privadas y 62.8% estaban tambien empleados en un centro que utilizaba DOTS. En promedio, los especialistas veian 18 sospechosos por ano, los medicos generales 11, y las enfermeras y comadronas 3. Muchos MPs (45.2%) dependian siempre del Programa Nacional de Tuberculosis (PNT) para servicios de diagnostico. Un menor numero de MPs (41.5%) utilizaban, ellos solos, procedimientos diagnosticos que cumpliesen con las guias del PNT. La mayoria (63.6%) siempre referia los casos confirmados para tratamiento, principalmente (71.4%) a los servicios del PNT. La mayoria de los MPs (72.7%) que trataban ellos mismos a los pacientes con TB no prescribian el regimen estandar del PNT. Conclusion  El estudio muestra que la carga de casos de TB por MP es baja en Yogyakarta, en donde el PNT ya involucra hospitales publicos y privados ademas de centros sanitarios publicos. Las iniciativas para implicar a todos los MPs podria contribuir a aumentar solo marginalmente la deteccion de casos de TB.

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Journeys to tuberculosis treatment: a qualitative study of patients, families and communities in Jogjakarta, Indonesia

TL;DR: Most TB patients took over a month to reach a DOTS facility after symptoms appeared and had consulted a number of providers, and income and advice from household members and friends were factors that influenced their care seeking behavior most.
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Knowledge, attitudes and practices of private sector providers of tuberculosis care: a scoping review.

TL;DR: Research using standardised data collection methods may assist in identifying gaps in knowledge and practice among all providers of TB care, and systematic reviews of such studies may help in strategic decision making in public-private mix DOTS expansion.

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Knowledge of tuberculosis-treatment prescription of health workers: a systematic review.

TL;DR: The available studies show that there is a lack of knowledge of national or international TB treatment guidelines and recommendations, and that HCWs mainly reported giving treatment regimens with too many drugs and for too long.
References
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The Stop TB Strategy: building on and enhancing DOTS to meet the TB-related Millennium Development Goals.

TL;DR: Since the development of the DOTS strategy WHO and partners have worked on complementary policies and strategies to address the remaining major constraints to achievement of global TB control targets, including expanding access to diagnosis and treatment through community TB care and public--private mix approaches.
Journal Article

Tuberculosis patients and practitioners in private clinics in India

TL;DR: The study identifies and highlights the need to educate PPs and their TB patients, and indicates ways in which PPs could be meaningfully involved in efforts to revitalize the national TB control programme.
Journal ArticleDOI

Private practitioners and public health: weak links in tuberculosis control.

TL;DR: It is shown that in nearly all these countries private expenditure on health accounts for a high proportion of total health expenditure, which suggests considerable use of private practitioners and private pharmacies on a fee-for-service basis.
Journal ArticleDOI

Improving tuberculosis control through public-private collaboration in India: literature review

TL;DR: Public-private mix activities were associated with increased case notification, while maintaining acceptable treatment outcomes, and Collaborations between public and private providers of health care hold considerable potential to improve tuberculosis control in India.
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