1. Introduction 2. The emergence of learning activity as a historical form of human learning 3. The zone of proximal development as the basic category of expansive research 4. The instruments of expansion 5. Toward an expansive methodology 6. Epilogue.

Reflections of Big Science

Learning by expanding: An activity-theoretical approach to developmental research

After two decades of failure by the international community to respond adequately to the threat of global climate change, discussions of the possibility of geoengineering a cooler climate have recently proliferated. Alongside the considerable optimism that these technologies have generated, there has also been wide acknowledgement of significant ethical concerns. Ethicists, social scientists, and experts in governance have begun the work of addressing these concerns. The plethora of ethical issues raised by geoengineering creates challenges for those who wish to survey them. The issues are here separated out according to the temporal spaces in which they first arise. Some crop up when merely contemplating the prospect of geoengineering. Others appear as research gets underway. Another set of issues attend the actual implementation of the technologies. A further set occurs when planning for the cessation of climate engineering. Two cautions about this organizational schema are in order. First, even if the issues first arise in the temporal spaces identified, they do not stay completely contained within them. A good reason to object to the prospect of geoengineering, for example, will likely remain a good reason to object to its implementation. Second, the ethical concerns intensify or weaken depending on the technology under consideration. The wide range of geoengineering technologies currently being discussed makes it prudent that each technique should be evaluated individually for its ethical merit. WIREs Clim Change 2013, 4:23–37. doi: 10.1002/wcc.198

For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.

/pdf/ethics-and-geoengineering-reviewing-the-moral-issues-raised-86wx2dscpe.pdf

Ethics and geoengineering: reviewing the moral issues raised by solar radiation management and carbon dioxide removal

As the Internet has rapidly become a mainstream medium, some studies have found that Internet use is associated with reduced social networks and increased loneliness, whereas other research has suggested virtually the opposite. Still other studies have found no associations at all between Internet use, social networks and level of loneliness. Some authors who have found that the Internet has a negative impact on social relationships and psychological well-being have hypothesized that Internet use encourages the creation of online relationships, which in turn replace face-to-face contacts (displacement). Since this results in an overall loss of depth that is more important than breadth for psychological well-being, Internet use consequently increases loneliness. Using a sample of 2096 Americans surveyed in 2000 to test this theory produces results that are complex. There is no evidence of displacement of face-to-face relationships with online ones, and Internet use is slightly associated with a decreased level of loneliness. However, people who have online friends are more lonely than those who do not. In this way the Internet seems to have both positive and negative effects on psychological well-being. Some suggestions are offered to explain this paradoxical finding.

/pdf/the-internet-social-networks-and-loneliness-4zi7fp41te.pdf

The Internet, Social Networks and Loneliness

The ninety-eighth Critical Bibliography,* which includes 2666citations, is the nineteenth to be classified according to the system established in 1953. The main purpose of the classification has always been, in the words of its founder, George Sarton, \"to satisfy the needs of historians of science in general rather than those of historians of particular sciences\". While the classification is both chronological and by subject, preference is given to the former. The reader who wishes to find all references to a particular subject, therefore, must examine several sections of the bibliography.

Ninety-Eighth Critical Bibliography of the History of Science and Its Cultural Influences (to January 1973)

http://www.sussex.ac.uk/spru/documents/Fac-BRM-RP-CERN3

Reflections of Big Science

Citations

Learning by expanding: An activity-theoretical approach to developmental research

Ethics and geoengineering: reviewing the moral issues raised by solar radiation management and carbon dioxide removal

The Internet, Social Networks and Loneliness

Ninety-Eighth Critical Bibliography of the History of Science and Its Cultural Influences (to January 1973)

CERN: Past performance and future prospects: II. The scientific performance of the CERN accelerators

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