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Russia's Economic Prospects

Shock Therapy in Poland: Perspectives of Five Years

This book explores the relationship between indeterminacy and classification, particularly the kind of classificatory order that is central to the modern bureaucratic state. At the heart of classification is the question of value and waste. What we propose here is a third term to challenge this binary: indeterminacy. Used here it describes that which defies classification. As Geoffrey Bowker and Susan Leigh Star point out in their pathbreaking book Sorting Things Out, “each category valorizes some point of view and silences another” (1999: 5). While the production of value and waste through classification has been well rehearsed (Star and Lampland 2008), here we are analyzing how value-making categories also produce waste that resists classification. It is these indeterminacies—the silenced points of view—that interest us here. Thinking of waste in relation to classification systems inevitably brings us to Mary Douglas’s classic formulation in Purity and Danger that dirt is matter out of place (1966: 36).1 However, as Ben Campkin notes (2013: 3), there is some inconsistency between this neat binary definition of dirt and her analysis of waste as anomalous and disruptive of the structured way through which worlds are understood. “Reflection on dirt,” Douglas wrote, “involves reflection on the relation of order to disorder, being to non-being, form to formlessness” (1966: 6). Bowker and Star have two further points that are relevant for us here. They remind us that classification is a profoundly moral process, making some places, materials, actions, and people visible, while others are “left wild, or in darkness, or even unmapped” (1999: 32); and that visibility may bring disadvantage as much as advantage (ibid.: 44). To this we add Star and Martha Lampland’s comment that categories are necessarily part of a larger scheme of meaning and value that frame how knowledge is represented through classification (2008:

Introduction : the values of indeterminacy.

Keynote Address to the Workshop on Economic Instruments for Sustainable Development, January 12-14, 1995, Pruhonice, Czech Republic. The Keynote Address was sponsored by the Central and Eastern Europe Environmental Economics and Policy Project of the Harvard Institute for International Development, funded under a cooperative agreement with the United States Agency for International Development. The views expressed in this paper reflect those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of the sponsoring organization(s).

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Keynote address economies in transition: some aspects of environmental policy

How has the Kremlin nationalized and politicized Gazprom, Russia’s natural gas monopoly, for the purposes of using it as a political weapon? How has the Kremlin used this weapon to advance Russian interests in the former Soviet Space and the European Union? How has the European Union fought back against Russian political advancement through Gazprom? Using two case studies, Ukraine and Belarus, this study will examine Soviet and Russian energy policy and explain how energy diplomats have grown the Russian energy industry today while centralizing control of the industry under the Kremlin. The study will then focus on how the Kremlin has been able to re-gain control of Gazprom under the Putin presidency after being privatized under the Yeltsin presidency. The study will then examine Russia’s relations with the EU as a result of the EU’s dependence on Gazprom for natural gas supplies and Russia’s use of Gazprom as a political weapon. This part of the study will focus on how the importance Russia has placed on Gazprom, in terms of Gazprom stimulating the Russian economy, has affected Russia’s relationship with the EU. The study will also examine the lessons the EU can learn from Russia’s relationships between Ukraine and Belarus as a result of the political nature of Gazprom. The study will also

Gazprom: Russia's nationalized political weapon and the implications for the European Union

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Russia's Economic Prospects

Citations

Shock Therapy in Poland: Perspectives of Five Years

Introduction : the values of indeterminacy.

Keynote address economies in transition: some aspects of environmental policy

Gazprom: Russia's nationalized political weapon and the implications for the European Union

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