Introduction 1 The methodological debate and the quest for custom 2 Conditions of self-defence 3 The Armed Attack Requirement Ratione Materiae 4 The Armed Attack Requirement Ratione Temporis 5 The Armed Attack Requirement Ratione Personae 6 What future for the armed attack criterion?

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Sources of International Law in the Nicaragua Case

'Armed Attack' and Article 51 of the Un Charter : Evolutions In Customary Law And Practice

My research investigates the use and regulation of private military companies (PMCs) in international law. This legal research adopts a critical method of historical sociology to accommodate changing modes of governance. By exploring historical patterns of the use of private force I analyse the effectiveness and applicability of contemporary attempts to regulate PMCs.
There are numerous overlapping forms of regulation that attempt to govern PMC conduct. The key gap, identified by analysing relevant bodies of international and domestic law, is the lack of a corporate liability mechanism strong enough to tackle grave international crimes committed by PMCs and the challenges posed by the corporate veil.
By assessing the prevailing form of governance and the role that private security plays in state policy, it becomes clear that states are the main PMC clients who rely on companies for providing security services. Meanwhile the industry treats military activity just like any other commodity that can be self-regulated by the free market. In order to close the gap of PMC impunity, an international legal response is required that can target PMCs as companies and to invoke criminal corporate responsibility.
This is why I develop a corporate criminal responsibility approach that has the potential of addressing the legal gap in PMC regulation. I argue that due to the military nature of their activity, PMCs are different to other companies as they took on a portion of state functions that requires a proportionate legal response in terms of responsibility.
Transnational nature of PMC activity signals the need for these companies to be recognised as actors on the international level and acquire international legal personality. Finally, I explore the possibility of invoking criminal corporate responsibility through international criminal law as it offers the most tailored approach of regulating a changing governance.

The use and regulation of private military companies

The article presents the case law of the International Court of Justice and its contribution to international humanitarian law.

The Contribution of the International Court of Justice to International Humanitarian Law

This article appraises the contribution of the International Court of Justice to international humanitarian law. In its judgments and opinions, the Court has helped to clarify the relationship between the law of armed conflict with general international law, customary norms, and jus cogens and to identify fundamental principles of international humanitarian law.

The contribution of the International Court of Justice to international humanitarian law

IH. AN OVERVIEW OF THE PRINCIPLES OF THE LAW OF OUTER SPACE .............................................. 155 A. A Brief History of the International Space Treaties ....................................................... 156 B. The Space Treaties .......................................................................................................... 157 1. The 1967 Outer Space Treaty ............................................................................. 157 2. The 1968 Astronaut Agreement .......................................................................... 158 3. The 1972 Liability Convention ........................................................................... 159 4. The 1976 Registration Convention ..................................................................... 159 5. The 1979 Moon Agreement ................................................................................. 159

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Sources of International Law in the Nicaragua Case

Citations

'Armed Attack' and Article 51 of the Un Charter : Evolutions In Customary Law And Practice

The use and regulation of private military companies

The Contribution of the International Court of Justice to International Humanitarian Law

The contribution of the International Court of Justice to international humanitarian law

Towards a New Regime for the Protection of Outer Space as the "Province of All Mankind"

Related Papers (5)

Customary International Law and the Nicaragua Case

The International Human Rights Implications of the ICJ Decision in Nicaragua v United States

The Sources of International Law

4. The Sources of International Law

Sources of international law