Buku ini merupakan kumpulan tulisan yang berkaitan dengan persoalan pokok, subjek dan topik. salah satu yang diulas berkenaan dengan bahasa Indonesia, oleh Sandra Chung, yaitu tentang subjek pada dua kalimat pasif dalam bahasa Indonesia. Dengan demikian, buku ini sekaligus dapat dikatakan sebagai ulasan kontrastif bahasa, karena ia kebanyakan berisi ulasan konsep tata bahasa salah satu bahasa dengan bahasa Inggris sebagai pedoman utamanya.

As a novel attack on the perennially vexing questions of the theoretical status of thematic roles and the inventory of possible roles, this paper defends a strategy of basing accounts of roles on more unified domains of linguistic data than have been used in the past to motivate roles, addressing in particular the problem of ARGUMENT SELECTION (principles determining which roles are associated with which grammatical relations). It is concluded that the best theory for describing this domain is not a traditional system of discrete roles (Agent, Patient, Source, etc.) but a theory in which the only roles are two cluster-concepts called PROTO-AGENT and PROTO-PATIENT, each characterized by a set of verbal entailments: an argument of a verb may bear either of the two proto-roles (or both) to varying degrees, according to the number of entailments of each kind the verb gives it. Both fine-grained and coarse-grained classes of verbal arguments (corresponding to traditional thematic roles and other classes as well) follow automatically, as do desired 'role hierarchies'. By examining occurrences of the 'same' verb with different argument configurations—e.g. two forms of psych predicates and object-oblique alternations as in the familiar spray/load class—it can also be argued that proto-roles act as defaults in the learning of lexical meanings. Are proto-role categories manifested elsewhere in language or as cognitive categories? If so, they might be a means of making grammar acquisition easier for the child, they might explain certain other typological and acquisitional observations, and they may lead to an account of contrasts between unaccusative and unergative intransitive verbs that does not rely on deriving unaccusatives from underlying direct objects.

/pdf/thematic-proto-roles-and-argument-selection-44n9gqgebg.pdf

Subject and Topic

Thematic proto-roles and argument selection

Transitivity in Grammar and Discourse

Many people have argued that the evolution of the human language faculty cannot be explained by Darwinian natural selection. Chomsky and Gould have suggested that language may have evolved as the by-product of selection for other abilities or as a consequence of as-yet unknown laws of growth and form. Others have argued that a biological specialization for grammar is incompatible with every tenet of Darwinian theory – that it shows no genetic variation, could not exist in any intermediate forms, confers no selective advantage, and would require more evolutionary time and genomic space than is available. We examine these arguments and show that they depend on inaccurate assumptions about biology or language or both. Evolutionary theory offers clear criteria for when a trait should be attributed to natural selection: complex design for some function, and the absence of alternative processes capable of explaining such complexity. Human language meets these criteria: Grammar is a complex mechanism tailored to the transmission of propositional structures through a serial interface. Autonomous and arbitrary grammatical phenomena have been offered as counterexamples to the position that language is an adaptation, but this reasoning is unsound: Communication protocols depend on arbitrary conventions that are adaptive as long as they are shared. Consequently, language acquisition in the child should systematically differ from language evolution in the species, and attempts to analogize them are misleading. Reviewing other arguments and data, we conclude that there is every reason to believe that a specialization for grammar evolved by a conventional neo-Darwinian process.

http://www.biolinguagem.com/ling_cog_cult/pinker_bloom_1990_naturallanguage_naturalselection.pdf

Natural language and natural selection

Noun Phrase Accessibility and Universal Grammar

Analyse du probleme de la thematisation des phrases d'un point de vue pragmatique. L'A. soutient que le theme ne peut etre analyse en termes d'information ancienne et nouvelle, mais seulement en termes d'a-propos pragmatique (pragmatic aboutness).

Pragmatics and Linguistics: An Analysis of Sentence Topics in Pragmatics and Philosophy I.

Communication using symbols (such as words) structured with grammar

Subject and Topic

Citations

Thematic proto-roles and argument selection

Transitivity in Grammar and Discourse

Natural language and natural selection

Noun Phrase Accessibility and Universal Grammar

Pragmatics and Linguistics: An Analysis of Sentence Topics in Pragmatics and Philosophy I.

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Notes on transitivity and theme in english. part 2