(1953). A Review of the Literature on the Effects of Bilingualism upon the Measurement of Intelligence. The Pedagogical Seminary and Journal of Genetic Psychology: Vol. 82, No. 1, pp. 21-57.

The essay versus the objective examination as measures of the achievement of bi-lingual children.

A review of the literature on the effects of bilingualism upon the measurement of intelligence.

I H E POINT OF DEPARTURE in this survey is 1932. In that year publications appeared which cover much of the work in this country up to that time. Cook's bibliography (19) on the education of native and minority groups was extensive, and it included the social, educational, and economic studies from 1923 to 1932. Sanchez (56) presented a critical study of forty investigations dealing with the intelligence of bilinguals, validity of intelligence tests, environmental influence, and language handicaps. Although this review discussed chiefly Spanish-speaking subjects, it was sufficiently comprehensive of the general work in bilingualism, and hence no reference will be made here to studies prior to its appearance. The first part of this chapter will be restricted to the psychological and sociological aspects of the problem; the second part to the curriculum problems presented by bilingualism.

background

Chapter VIII: Bilingual Children

over 7,000,000 people in the Southwest alone and, by 1985, the national court of Hispanic Americans (including those from the Caribbean Islands and South America) is expected to exceed th 30;000,000 projected for Black Americans (Cannon,1978). Unlike members of many ethnic groups, MexicanAmericans in the Southwest have not had to sev~rtheirties iththeirhomeland.Theyoriginafifiy entered this country as a conquered people when the outhwest was acquired by the United States in ~~~, and those crossing ihe border since then have largely entered a &dquo;nation within a nation&dquo; that has not differed appreciably from the culture they left behind. Thus, Mexican-Americans as a group are perthe least assimilated minority (Steglich, 1967); they have retained neir native language and cultural patterns to a greater extent than any other group (Grebll--r, & Guzman= 1970). Vvhile u i~te i-8 n~-~es exis± li~ong~ x ia Americans, 60 ~~o~~&dquo;~~~i~ ~ l~c&1tion, socioeconomic status; of accuit~r a=&euro;on, and individual characteristics, they nonetheless &dquo;s.’. -are

The Education of Mexican-Americans: Bilingual, Bicognitive, or Biased?

Evidence from a variety of sources suggests that systematic differences can be found in the ratings given to student essays as a function not only of the student's skills but also of aspects of both the student's background and the background of the rater Additionally, the nature of the prompt which provided the central theme of the essay might bias the outcome of the ratings of that essay A study of ratings of fiftti and sixth graders who wrote paragraph-long essays in response to two topics presented either in written or pictorial form is presented, Students were classified as Hispanic-surnamed or non-Hispanic-surnamed; two teachers, trained as raters using an objectively -based essay scoring scheme, represented an Hispanic cultural background and two a non-Hispanic background Results from a blind rating of 100 complete essays show that several of the rating subscales were significantly influenced by an interaction hetaeen student ethnicity and rater ethnicity, and several subscales by rater ethnicity alone Student ethnicity alone Was not a significant main effect on any subscale Prompt modality is significant for one subscale, and interacts with rater ethnicity on one other The findings are interpreted as a direct indication of biased assessment (Author) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document * * * * * * * * * * * * * *4** e******************** * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * **

/pdf/bias-in-the-writing-of-prose-and-its-appraisal-4wznfg91qk.pdf

Bias in the Writing of Prose and Its Appraisal.

/pdf/a-comparative-study-of-technical-pupils-in-the-elimination-2pzzjxaa21.pdf

The essay versus the objective examination as measures of the achievement of bi-lingual children.

Citations

A review of the literature on the effects of bilingualism upon the measurement of intelligence.

Chapter VIII: Bilingual Children

The Education of Mexican-Americans: Bilingual, Bicognitive, or Biased?

Bias in the Writing of Prose and Its Appraisal.

A Comparative Study of Technical Pupils in the Elimination of Errors in English Composition