Journal ArticleDOI
The Operation of Grade Retention and Educational Inequality: Who Gets Retained in Macao and Why?.
Yi-Lee Wong,Yisu Zhou +1 more
TLDR
In this article, the authors demonstrate how inadequate state regulation could make possible the manipulation of grade retention institutionally and individually in Macao and illustrate how the specific contextualized structural operation of grade-retention could serve as a mechanism for social differentiation and thus play a role in contributing to the observed educational inequality.Abstract:
While the existence of a class, gender, or ethnic gap in educational attainment is well documented for many societies, how the practice of grade retention contributes to these patterns of educational inequality has been inadequately addressed. Given that grade retention is commonly practised in Macao, Macao is used as a case for illustration. Using data from PISA 2009 and a qualitative research project, we seek to demonstrate how inadequate state regulation could make possible the manipulation of grade retention institutionally and individually in Macao. This, in turn, illustrates how the specific contextualized structural operation of grade retention could serve as a mechanism for social differentiation and thus play a role in contributing to the observed educational inequality.read more
Citations
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A Qualitative Case Study Examining the Perceptions of Elementary Principals in the Retention of Female Versus Male Students in Rural Areas
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a theoretical framework for the problem of finding the optimal solution to the problem with respect to a given set of properties of the problem, and present a set of assumptions, Limitations, and Delimitations.
Journal ArticleDOI
The happiest days
TL;DR: In this paper, a pattern is found in an experience as long as an education, drawn the threads together to shape an article like this, but it has not been possible to impose a pattern on chaos.
Journal ArticleDOI
Are more conscientious seventh- and ninth-graders less likely to be retained? Effects of Big Five personality traits on grade retention in two different age cohorts
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the role of Big Five personality traits in students when it comes to teachers' decisions about students' educational trajectories and whether personality traits differentially affect these decisions by teachers in different grade levels.
Journal ArticleDOI
Evaluating PISA scales across Chinese economies
TL;DR: The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) has emerged as important tools for understanding educational systems within Asia and around the world as discussed by the authors, and has been used as an important tool for assessing educational systems.
References
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Book
Learning to Labor: How Working-Class Kids Get Working-Class Jobs
TL;DR: The role of ideology in cultural forms and social reproduction has been studied in this paper, where the authors propose a theory of cultural forms, including power, culture, class and institution.
Journal ArticleDOI
Keeping Track: How Schools Structure Inequality.
Nancy L. Arnez,Jeannie Oakes +1 more
TL;DR: This provocative, carefully documented work shows how takingreflects the class and racial inequalities of American society and helps perpetuate them.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Worldwide Expansion of Higher Education in the Twentieth Century
Evan Schofer,John W. Meyer +1 more
TL;DR: The authors of as mentioned in this paper analyzed the rapid worldwide expansion of higher educational enrollments over the twentieth century using pooled panel regressions and found that the growth is higher in economically developed countries (in some but not all analyses) as classic theories would have it.