Summary
Pollen originating from small populations of Tilia cordata is largely deposited within a few hundred metres of the trees, so that their presence can only be detected by pollen analysis at sites within distances of this order. Pollen diagrams from such sites show a continuous curve for Tilia pollen extending to the present surface, although the values may be only about 1 % of arboreal pollen. Pollen analysis shows that T. cordata was present in the Lake District by about 5000 to 4800 B.C.; it then became plentiful in the southern valleys and extended to reach its present north-western limit, or just beyond, by 3100 B.C., when migration ceased. While the tree was extending its range, it must have been able to produce frequent large crops of fertile seed but subsequently regeneration from seed ceased. After 3100 B.C. the proportion of its pollen initially may increase but then generally decreases. Although there are small recoveries at several horizons, these are not certain evidence of reproduction by seed. Failure to produce fertile seed renders the species particularly sensitive to woodland clearance and has resulted in a decrease in abundance within the Lake District and its virtual extinction in west Yorkshire and south Lancashire.

https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1980.tb00757.x

The Place-Names of the West Riding of Yorkshire

Factors controlling the distribution of tilia cordata at the northern limits of its geographical range

1. The background rules and institutions 2. Lying witnesses and social reality: four English marriage cases in the high middle ages 3. Statistics - the court of York, 1300-1500 4. Story patterns in the court of York in the fourteenth century 5. Story patterns in the court of York in the fifteenth century 6. Ely 7. Paris 8. Cambrai - the courts and the numbers 9. Cambrai and Brussels - the content of the sentences 10. Divorce a mensa et thoro and salvo iure thori (separation) 11. Social practice, formal rule, and the medieval canon law of incest 12. Broader comparisons: English and Franco-Belgian marriage cases in the later middle ages and a glimpse at the rest of western Europe Epilogue and conclusion.

Law, Marriage, and Society in the Later Middle Ages: Arguments about Marriage in Five Courts

THE Scandinavians came to Britain first as raiders, then as settlers. The length of the periods of raiding, the form of raids, the character and duration of settlement and the speed with which Scandinavian influence was lost, varied considerably in the different regions. In simple terms the Viking Age lasted from 790 to 1070, but within and beyond these dates is infinite variety. In England the first settlements are not recorded before 876, eighty years or more after the first raids; in Scotland, however, there is fairly firm evidence of settlement in the first half of the ninth century, while in some parts of Scotland settlement may not even have been preceded by raids. It is clear too that Guthrum's conquests are of an entirely different character to those of Knut the Great. Guthrum was a petty chief. Knut a great ruler, was accepted as such by his royal contemporaries and his power achieved imperial proportions. In Ireland, where they settled in very limited areas, the Scandinavians lost most of their political power in the late tenth century. Their commercial importance there, however, grew by leaps and bounds, but even in this role they lost all semblance of influence after the Norman conquest of Ireland of 1169. Norse power was broken in western Scotland after the battle of Largs in 1263 (although Norse earls held sway in the Isles until 1331). The Isle of Man was transferred to the Scottish crown in 1266, while Orkney and Shetland remained Norwegian until the impignorations of 1468 and 1469.

Scandinavian Settlement in the North and West of the British Isles—an Archaeological Point-of-View

The Chapel-le-Dale valley on the north-western side of Ingleborough and the Ribblehead area now appear to be under-populated with an economy largely based on livestock farming. Currently, only eleven farms are operational but at one time there were nearly forty. Much of the study area was managed by Furness Abbey from vaccaries and subsidiary bercaries and lodges, most of which still survive in the landscape in one form or another. Judging from surname evidence in archival sources, monastic tenants established themselves after the Dissolution as customary manorial tenants developing the mix of improved enclosed pastures, unimproved common fellside grazing, and stinted pastures, that are the essence of today's landscape. Visible in the landscape, too, is archaeological evidence of farming and settlement in the early medieval period, some of which has been investigated by excavation in the area outside former monastic lands. This article draws on archival research, and the techniques of field and la...

Chapel-le-Dale, North Yorkshire: the making of an upland landscape

Names, like stories, are linguistic performances; so the twin disciplines of folkloristics and place-name studies can learn from each other’s methods. Some names offer straightforward evide...

The Place-Names of the West Riding of Yorkshire

Citations

Factors controlling the distribution of tilia cordata at the northern limits of its geographical range

Law, Marriage, and Society in the Later Middle Ages: Arguments about Marriage in Five Courts

Scandinavian Settlement in the North and West of the British Isles—an Archaeological Point-of-View

Chapel-le-Dale, North Yorkshire: the making of an upland landscape

Names and Tales: On Folklore and Place Names

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