J don't intend to provide any background information on Black? stone, except to say that he published his treatise in England be? tween 1765 and 1769, and that aside from Chancellor Kent's Commentaries on the Law of the United States, published between 1820 and 1825, Blackstone's work is the only systematic attempt that has been made to present a theory of the whole common law system. Duncan Kennedy.1

Competing normativities have more than ever challenged humanitarian protection in those conflicts where Islamic insurgents are fighting central governments and/or multinational military forces. A mere reminder of the shared humanitarian safeguards within the Islamic law of war and IHL traditions does not suffice to engage those fighters to ensure their respect for the jus in bello during their military operations and vis-a-vis persons – civilian and military alike – that have fallen into their hands and/or are under their territorial control. Unlike IHL (except for Article 1(4) of Additional Protocol I), the Islamic law of war does not divorce the jus ad bellum from the jus in bello. Therefore, the Islamic groups’ defence of a more pious version of Islam vis-a-vis other Muslims or of the Islamic faith against the unbelievers has inherently informed their conduct on the battlefield. Frontline (impartial) humanitarian negotiators inevitably face difficulties to engage on such terms where religious and/or political claims of the parties to the conflict are part of the humanitarian dialogue. This chapter will draw from the Theory on the Relational Normativity of International Law (TORNIL) to advance new strategies to strengthen the normativity of the (Islamic) law of war in favour of humanitarian protection.

The Structure of Blackstone's Commentaries

Dialoguing with Islamic Fighters about International Humanitarian Law: Towards a Relational Normativity

This chapter explores the impact on taxpayer rights of digital developments in electronics and systems, artificial intelligence, and security. Using an integrated rights framework comprising principles of tax administration and compliance, together with legal rights, it sets out the challenges and opportunities offered by digital disruption. It addresses issues such as proportionality, discrimination, equity and fairness, transparency and bias in legal and administrative decision-making, security, privacy and confidentiality. The chapter takes a global and comparative perspective in addressing significant legal issues that require detailed research and debate. It emphasises the opportunities for government service obligations to taxpayers, using artificial intelligence and secure systems, to provide advanced assistance to taxpayers and businesses and boost economic growth and trade. The chapter concludes that the opportunities are available to enable global implementation of an integrated rights framework to protect taxpayers even more effectively through digital disruption.

Taxpayer Rights and Protections in a Digital Global Environment

The 1960s and 1970s in the United States and in Europe were decades of political activism in which liberal, progressive, and radical movements formed loose coalitions to challenge racism, sexism, and increasing state militarism. In the U.S., the civil rights movement was perhaps the catalyst, but an increasingly visible and vocal feminist movement soon added its strength. Opposition to the Vietnam War mobilized large numbers of people and radicalized many of them. It also sowed seeds of disillusionment. Liberal and progressive activists, lawyers and legal scholars among them, looked to the law and the courts for social change. However, in the late 1970s, the slow pace, the apparently superficial nature of the changes, and the support for a disastrous war of a liberal political establishment, led many in the legal academy to turn their critical energies on the law itself.

Critical Jurisprudence and the Rule of Law

Few matters seem to arouse greater feeling than local politics and sport. Each reflects and reinforces common qualities of robust partisanship and vigorous exercise. When the two combine, tempers are guaranteed to run very high. This unpropitious state of affairs occurred in Leicester in the spring of 1984. The city of Leicester has a significant and established black community; about twenty-five per cent of the population are of Asian or Afro-Caribbean origins. Leicester City Council was firmly committed to racial equality. In particular, it supported the Gleneagles Agreement made in 1977 between Commonwealth countries which encouraged "taking every practical step to discourage contact with sporting organisations from South Africa". When the English rugby team organised a tour to South Africa and selected three Leicester players, the council considered the gauntlet to be thrown firmly at its feet. The council allowed the Leicester Rugby Football Club to use a recreation ground for Second XV matches and general training; the First XV played elsewhere. After much debate, Leicester City Council determined that, unless the club officials were prepared to condemn the tour and urge its players not to play, it would suspend the club's use of its recreation ground. The council fully appreciated the club had no power to instruct its amateur players not to tour. Although the club joined with the council in condemning apartheid, it felt that a total prohibition of all sporting links with South Africa would enhance rather than diminish apartheid. Consequently, the club refused to comply with the council's request. After the tour had taken place the council banned the club from using the recreation ground for twelve months. The club sought an order of certiorari quashing this decision, a declaration that the council's decision was ultra vires, and an injunction restraining the implementation of the decision.

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Wheeler-Dealing: An Essay on Law, Politics, and Speech

/pdf/rzadnosc-sadow-a-zarzadzanie-przez-sady-11pibccoyy.pdf

Rządność sądów a zarządzanie przez sądy

/pdf/the-structure-of-blackstone-s-commentaries-2axfp13tod.pdf

The Structure of Blackstone's Commentaries

Citations

Dialoguing with Islamic Fighters about International Humanitarian Law: Towards a Relational Normativity

Taxpayer Rights and Protections in a Digital Global Environment

Critical Jurisprudence and the Rule of Law

Wheeler-Dealing: An Essay on Law, Politics, and Speech

Rządność sądów a zarządzanie przez sądy

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