What are downsides of ethanol treatment on cancer cells?5 answersEthanol treatment poses several downsides on cancer cells. Firstly, ethanol induces oxidative stress in cancer-associated fibroblasts, promoting myofibroblastic differentiation and autophagy in the tumor microenvironment. This oxidative stress leads to ketone production in fibroblasts and ketone re-utilization in epithelial cancer cells, fueling tumor growth via mitochondrial metabolism. Additionally, heavy alcohol consumption increases cancer stem cell (CSC) populations in various cancers, potentially enhancing tumor promotion and aggressiveness. Ethanol's metabolism generates free radicals that interfere with essential cellular functions, affecting growth and differentiation processes, including disturbances in CSCs. Furthermore, ethanol treatment alters protein expression in fibroblast cells, resembling patterns seen in nasopharyngeal carcinoma-associated stromal fibroblasts, hinting at potential cancer-related pathways being targeted by ethanol.
How anti cancerous drugs effect git?4 answersAnti-cancer drugs can have various effects on the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Some drugs, such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), cisplatin (CDDP), and etoposide (ET), target DNA function and can induce DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) in cells. These drugs also upregulate genes involved in the response to DNA damage and downregulate anti-apoptotic genes and oncogenes. On the other hand, imatinib mesylate (IM), which inhibits targeted protein kinases, does not directly interact with DNA processing and does not change the mRNA level of the studied genes. Ayurvedic drugs have also shown to have a good effect on the arrest of cancer at various stages, including regulating growth factors, signal transduction proteins, cell cycle regulators, and inducing apoptosis. Overall, the effects of anti-cancer drugs on the GIT can vary depending on their mechanisms of action and specific drug properties.
Does smoking cause cancer?5 answersSmoking is a major cause of several types of cancer, including lung, bladder, cervix, kidney, larynx, pharynx, nose, mouth, esophagus, pancreas, stomach, liver, and some types of leukemia. Tobacco smoking is the most important and modifiable risk factor for cancer, and up to 30% of cancer deaths are due to smoking. Studies have established a causal association between cigarette smoking and various cancers, including nasal cavities, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, stomach, liver, kidney, uterine cervix, adenocarcinoma of the esophagus, and myeloid leukemia. Smoking is responsible for approximately one-third of all cancer deaths and is linked to lung cancer, even in nonsmokers. Cigarette smoking has been causally linked to numerous types of cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, respiratory illness, and low birth weight in infants.
How does cocaine affect synaptic plasticity?5 answersCocaine affects synaptic plasticity by modulating calcium signals in astrocytes in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Astrocyte calcium signals in the NAc are necessary and sufficient for the acquisition of cocaine-seeking behavior. Cocaine exposure generates new "silent synapses" in the NAc, which lack stably integrated AMPA receptors and are non-transmitting at resting potentials. The function of α2δ1, the receptor for synaptogenic astrocyte-secreted proteins called thrombospondins, is essential for the generation of silent synapses in the NAc following cocaine exposure. Cocaine self-administration decreases spontaneous astrocytic calcium transients and alters neuronal sensitivity to astrocyte-derived glutamate in the NAc. Inputs from the ventral hippocampus onto D1+ ventral tegmental area (VTA) medium spiny neurons (MSNs) are initially biased, but repeated cocaine exposure eliminates this bias and strengthens inputs from the basolateral amygdala onto D1+ ventral pallidum (VP) MSNs.
What is the association between smoking and cancer?5 answersTobacco smoking is strongly associated with an increased risk of various types of cancer, including lung, upper aerodigestive tract, esophagus, stomach, bladder, kidneys, colorectal, prostate, and pancreas. Further studies are needed to confirm the association between smoking and liver, cervical, brain, gallbladder, Hodgkin’s disease, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, and hematologic malignancies. However, smoking plays a protective role in the development of thyroid cancers, skin cancer, and Kaposi’s sarcoma. The risk of developing any cancer among smokers is estimated to be higher in men than in women. In addition to active smoking, environmental tobacco smoke (passive smoking) is also a cause of lung cancer. Overall, smoking is a major risk factor for cancer, and tobacco control is crucial for primary prevention.
What can kill cancer cells in the body?4 answers