What are the differences between diachronic and synchronic emergence?5 answersDiachronic emergence involves entities transitioning from one primary kind to another over time, with transubstantiation being a key interpretation that addresses the challenge of identity and individuation. On the other hand, synchronic emergence pertains to the emergence of less fundamental structures from more fundamental ones at a specific point in time. The distinction between diachronic and synchronic emergence lies in the temporal aspect: diachronic emergence focuses on transformations over time, while synchronic emergence deals with simultaneous emergence. Despite their differences, recent philosophical discourse suggests that these concepts are not mutually exclusive, and a unifying framework can be established by considering appearance and persistence.
Is there a critical period in great apes?5 answersGreat apes, including primates, experience critical periods in various aspects of development. Research suggests that the neonatal period is crucial for sexual, behavioral, and immune system development in primates, impacting future functions. Additionally, the concept of critical periods in neurogenesis highlights vulnerable phases during which external insults or internal influences significantly affect ontogenic processes. While specific critical periods may vary among species, the evidence supports the existence of critical periods in the development of the nervous system, including refined neuronal connections and sensory systems in mammals. Therefore, critical periods play a vital role in shaping the development and maturation of great apes, influencing various physiological and behavioral outcomes.
Which measures can be used to determine activity synchrony in group living species?4 answersActivity synchrony in group living species can be determined using several measures. One measure is the degree of behavioural synchrony, which reflects how individuals adjust their behaviors to manage the costs and benefits of group living. Another measure is the proportion of individuals within a group that perform the same behavior at the same time, which can be quantified using the kappa coefficient. Additionally, the mean proportion of conforming individuals and Ruckstuhl's group mean can also be used to measure synchrony. The probability of synchrony can be influenced by factors such as spatial cohesion, interindividual distance, and activity type. The presence of pregnant females and the number of sexually swollen females in a group can also affect the level of synchrony. Overall, these measures provide insights into the coordination and synchronization of behaviors within group living species.
What time of a day should pigs be mating?5 answersPigs should be mated at a specific time of day to improve the conception rate and litter size of hybrid pigs. The mating method involves scientific and reasonable feeding management of the boars and sows to be mated, as well as timely mating. The method ensures that the conception rate is improved by 9-14% and the litter size is improved by 4-6%, while maintaining a stable litter size per litter. The specific time of day for mating is not mentioned in the abstracts provided.
Do womens periods really sync up?5 answersWomen's menstrual cycles do not synchronize when they live together or are close friends. Research over the past 15 years has consistently shown that women do not synchronize their menstrual cycles. This suggests that there is no mechanism for synchronizing cycles, and the proposed pheromone mechanism is not supported by evidence. Men find portraits of ovulatory women more attractive, but women do not show a preference for faces based on menstrual cycle phase. However, women with higher levels of oestradiol, a gonadal hormone, are more likely to perceive ovulatory women as a reproductive threat. Heterosexual women's genital and subjective arousal is gender nonspecific, regardless of menstrual cycle phase. These findings suggest that women's menstrual cycles do not synchronize, and there is no evidence to support the idea of menstrual synchrony among women living together or being close friends.
What type of molecular sequences are now used to compare animals?5 answersMolecular sequences of the nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions are now used to compare animals.