What are some modifications to enhance the retrogradation stability of starch?5 answersModifications to enhance the retrogradation stability of starch include enzymatic elongation of amylopectin chains using amylomaltase, addition of plant proteins like Inca peanut seed albumin (IPA), and enzymatic modification of starches with pullulanase and amyloglucosidase. Proteins can either inhibit or promote starch retrogradation based on their exposed residues, with charged residues promoting interactions and covalent bonds enhancing retrogradation. Long-term storage and retrogradation can affect the stability of gel properties, with retrogradation reducing the degree of swelling in radiation-synthesized super water absorbents made from cassava starch and acrylic acid. These modifications offer ways to control retrogradation in starch-based products, influencing their texture, properties, and overall quality.
What is a common dry solids in fungal liquid growth?5 answersA common dry solid in fungal liquid growth is chitin, which plays a crucial role in the increase of Agaricus bisporus mycelium in liquid culture, showing a direct proportional relationship with mycelial growth for up to 28 days post-inoculation. Additionally, fungal microsclerotia, compact hyphal aggregates formed under unfavorable conditions, contain endogenous nutritional reserves and are produced through liquid culture methods for various fungi, including Metarhizium spp, Colletotrichum truncatum, and Trichoderma spp. Furthermore, fungal mycelial fibers can be treated by rapid dielectric heating to reduce moisture content and increase the solids level, resulting in a product with a texture resembling meat when rehydrated. These findings highlight the importance of different dry solids in fungal liquid growth processes.
What is the effect of sugar on thermal stability of starch?4 answersThe effect of sugar on the thermal stability of starch varies depending on the type of sugar and starch involved. Studies have shown that the addition of sugars can enhance the gelatinization temperature and enthalpy of starch, with hexoses having a different impact compared to disaccharides and pentoses. Additionally, the presence of sugars like sucrose can lead to an increase in thermal stability of proteins, as observed in the case of myoglobin, where glucose was found to stabilize protein-heme interactions while affecting the overall peptide backbone stability. Furthermore, the thermal stabilizing effect of sugar on freeze-dried proteins is linked to sugar-protein hydrogen bonding, with an optimal sugar content for maximizing the stabilizing effect. These findings highlight the complex interplay between sugars and starch/proteins in modulating thermal stability.
How does diabetes impact stability?5 answersDiabetes has been found to impact stability in various ways. People with diabetes, especially those with neuropathy, tend to exhibit greater postural sway. This increased sway may be attributed to peripheral sensory neuropathy, although the role of diabetes itself, as well as other neuropathies and impaired use of sensory information, cannot be ruled out. In addition, well-controlled individuals with type 2 diabetes show variations in initial implant stability and bone biomarkers compared to nondiabetic individuals. The pattern of response of bone biomarkers such as osteopontin, receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB ligand, and interleukin 8, as well as initial implant stability, differs in well-controlled diabetic individuals. Furthermore, deficits in static balance have been observed in patients treated with total hip replacement (THR) even several months after the procedure. These findings highlight the impact of diabetes on stability and the need for better assessments and rehabilitation protocols to address these issues.
What is the temperature stability of "trehalulose". Trehalulose not trehalose?4 answersTrehalulose is a rare sugar that has been studied for its temperature stability. One study found that a novel putative trehalose synthase gene (TreM) exhibited activity for trehalulose biosynthesis in a wide range of temperatures, from 5°C to 80°C. Another study investigated the temperature stability of trehalose crystals and found that increasing temperatures resulted in changes in the relative humidity boundaries for different trehalose crystal forms, including the anhydrate and dihydrate forms. Additionally, a study on cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) dispersions found that mechanically produced CNF and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) were stable after heating to 140°C for three days, suggesting their temperature stability. However, there is no specific information available on the temperature stability of trehalulose itself.
How does purification and characterization of enzyme affect industrial usage in solid state fermentation?5 answersStep 1: The purification and characterization of enzymes from various organisms, such as Aspergillus flavus (Adejumo), Aspergillus niger GH1 (Aguilar), P. ostreatus11L (Context_3), Bacillus sp (Shylesha), and Aspergillus sydowii (Costa), have shown significant potential for industrial usage in solid state fermentation. The purification process, involving steps such as precipitation, chromatography, and gel filtration, has led to substantial increases in enzyme purity and specific activity, making them suitable for industrial applications. Additionally, the characterization of these enzymes has provided crucial information on their optimal conditions, stability, and kinetic properties, which are essential for their efficient utilization in solid state fermentation processes. These findings demonstrate the importance of purification and characterization in enhancing the industrial applicability of enzymes in solid state fermentation.
Step 3: The purification and characterization of enzymes from various organisms, such as Aspergillus flavus (Adejumo), Aspergillus niger GH1 (Aguilar), P. ostreatus11L (Context_3), Bacillus sp (Shylesha), and Aspergillus sydowii (Costa), have shown significant potential for industrial usage in solid state fermentation. The purification process, involving steps such as precipitation, chromatography, and gel filtration, has led to substantial increases in enzyme purity and specific activity, making them suitable for industrial applications. Additionally, the characterization of these enzymes has provided crucial information on their optimal conditions, stability, and kinetic properties, which are essential for their efficient utilization in solid state fermentation processes. These findings demonstrate the importance of purification and characterization in enhancing the industrial applicability of enzymes in solid state fermentation.