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The choice should first be a progestin-releasing IUS, then a copper IUD, which has the least effect on menstrual bleeding, such as the frameless GyneFix IUD.
According to our hypothesis not only the presence of an IUD but also copper ions damage the endometrium.
In line with results from other studies, there is no evidence that prior use of a copper-containing IUD increases the risk for impaired fertility regardless of the reason for removal.
In conclusion, copper-IUD does not induce any major changes in the resistance of the uterine artery blood flow, although during menstruation in patients with increased menstrual pain after IUD insertion there seems to be a decrease in the uterine artery PI.
Insertion of a copper-IUD in connection with legal abortion seems preferable due to high motivation for contraception and low risk for complications because of good analgesia and an exact knowledge of the shape of the uterine cavity before insertion.
The results show that the adoption of copper-bearing IUD is increasing, but those factors influencing copper-bearing IUD replacement should not be neglected.
Journal ArticleDOI
T. Laudański, E. Kobylec, M. Åkerlund 
01 Aug 1981-Contraception
12 Citations
It is estimated that the intrauterine doses of copper which were used in these experiments lead to Cu++ concentrations in the uterine tissues which were similar to those in women carrying a copper IUD, and it is suggested that the copper from such IUDs might have effects on myometrial activity contributing to the contraceptive action and to some of the side-effects of these devices.
The copper in a copper IUD could be responsible for limiting pelvic inflammatory disease.
No significant change in ovarian or in uterine system vascular impedance is associated with the presence of a copper-medicated IUD.
Open accessJournal ArticleDOI
01 Mar 1973-Reproduction
14 Citations
It was concluded that the copper IUD causes an embryotoxic environment which causes the death of the embryos prior to any noticeable effect on the endometrium.
Among 8 studies examining different types of copper IUDs in nulliparous women, some evidence suggests IUD size and shape play a role in performance.
This study suggests that these findings can be extended to the Copper T 380A IUD.