How is stuttering defined?5 answersStuttering is defined as a speech disorder characterized by involuntary repetitions or prolongations of words or syllables, as well as interruptions in the flow of speech known as blocks. It can be caused by a combination of genetic, environmental, and psychogenic factors. Stuttering is not only limited to observable speech disfluency behaviors, but also includes a constellation of experiences beyond these behaviors. People who stutter may experience sensations of anticipation, feeling stuck, or losing control before the moment of stuttering occurs. These sensations can lead to various affective, behavioral, and cognitive reactions that can have a significant impact on their lives. Environmental factors, such as the reactions of listeners, can exacerbate these reactions. Stuttering can be categorized into different types, including developmental, psychogenic, and neurogenic stuttering. The multidimensional model of stuttering suggests that stuttering involves not only motor problems, but also cognitive, affective, linguistic, and social components.
What are the causes of stuttering?5 answersStuttering is a speech disorder characterized by disruptions in the flow of speech, such as repetitions, prolongations, and blockages. The causes of stuttering can be categorized into developmental, psychogenic, neurogenic, and genetic factors. Developmental stuttering is the most common type and occurs during the child's language and speech development. It is believed to be influenced by structural abnormalities in specific regions of the brain and changes in their interconnections. Psychogenic stuttering can be triggered by psychological factors such as depression, anger, and anxiety. Neurogenic stuttering can be acquired due to conditions like stroke, brain tumor, and trauma, and is associated with overactive presynaptic dopamine systems in the brain. Genetic factors have also been implicated in stuttering, with mutations in genes like GNPTAB, GNPTG, and NAGPA disrupting the lysosomal targeting pathway and contributing to the disorder.
What is a developmental stutter?2 answersDevelopmental stuttering, also known as childhood-onset fluency disorder, is a complex speech disorder characterized by disruptions in the fluent flow of speech. It affects approximately 5% of preschool-aged children and 1% of the general population. The exact cause of developmental stuttering is unknown, but it is believed to involve multiple factors, including linguistic, motor, sensory, emotional, and cognitive processes. There is evidence to suggest that genetic factors play a role in the development of stuttering, with heredity being a major factor. Neuroimaging studies have provided insights into the neurobiological bases of stuttering, highlighting functional and structural abnormalities in the brain. Treatment options for stuttering include speech-language therapy and medication, with the goal of reducing symptoms and anxiety associated with stuttering.
How’s stuttering involve with psychology?5 answersStuttering is a complex disorder that involves both somatic and psychological experiences. It is important to understand the cognitive and affective aspects of stuttering in order to effectively measure and address the disorder. Psychological counseling plays a crucial role in helping individuals who stutter by identifying the underlying causes of the problem and determining appropriate techniques and methods for treatment. The study of stuttering from a psychological perspective involves analyzing the nature of psychotherapeutic processes and relationships, as well as evaluating the effectiveness of counseling methods on reducing stuttering and anxiety. Additionally, recent neuroimaging investigations have provided evidence of neural correlates for stuttering, supporting the idea that stuttering is a disorder of speech control. Overall, understanding the psychological aspects of stuttering is essential for developing effective interventions and improving the lives of individuals who stutter.
What are fluke dives?2 answersFluke dives are a behavior observed in sharks where they zigzag vertically through the water in alternating ascending and descending segments. These dives involve changing depth by a few tens of meters over a period of a few hundred seconds. The patterns of these dives represent different optimal strategies for minimizing the cost of locomotion under different constraints. Two different yo-yo diving patterns have been identified in tiger sharks, which match two standard strategies: one that maximizes range given an alternating power supply and the other that maximizes range given an alternating vertical velocity. Fluke dives are also observed in deep-diving cetaceans, where they play a role in foraging decisions and provide insight into food web dynamics of the deep pelagic ocean.
What is the significance of this study?5 answersThis study has several significant findings. First, in the study on coronary artery disease (CAD) by Aricatt et al., the authors found that understanding the cardiac dominance percentages and their association with coronary artery stenosis can help interventional cardiologists in their treatment decisions. Second, the study by Butarbutar et al.highlights the effectiveness of the finding difficulties word technique in improving pupils' writing skills of narrative text. This technique can be suggested as an additional solution for enhancing writing skills in narrative text. Third, Lalramenga et al.found that C-reactive protein (CRP) levels are significantly associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and other co-morbidities. High CRP levels are linked to lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and lower serum albumin levels in CKD patients. Lastly, the study by Thangappah et al.reveals that abnormal umbilical cord length and other cord complications can lead to perinatal complications. Documenting these findings is important for managing antenatal or intrapartum complications.