How are galaxies generated?5 answersGalaxies are generated through a process of structure formation in the Universe. The dominant matter component of the Universe is non-baryonic, weakly interacting dark matter, which originated from inhomogeneities generated shortly after the Big Bang during a period of accelerated expansion called inflation. These early inhomogeneities were gravitationally amplified as the Universe expanded, leading to the formation of small objects that later merged together to form larger structures. Gas is able to reach high enough densities to cool, sink to the center of a high density lump of dark matter, and form stars, resulting in the formation of galaxies. The collision of infalling and outstreaming particles from astrophysical black holes, such as gravastars, may also catalyze galaxy formation. The interplay between complex physical processes, such as supernovae, gas reheating, and galaxy mergers, further shapes the evolution of galaxies.
How can radio emission be used to estimate stellar rate formation?5 answersRadio emission can be used to estimate the stellar formation rate by utilizing the emission from free-free and synchrotron processes. Free-free emission, which is the faintest part of the radio spectrum, is considered a reliable tracer of star formation in galaxies. It is typically used as a tracer in the local universe due to its lower luminosity compared to synchrotron emission. However, recent studies have shown that free-free emission can also be used as a tracer of star formation in galaxies at higher redshifts. By performing multi-frequency radio stacking analysis, the radio emission from star-forming galaxies can be probed, and the level of free-free emission can be compared to synchrotron emission. This allows for the estimation of the star formation rate in galaxies at different cosmic epochs.
How can radio emission be used to study the processes and mechanisms involved in the evolution of stars?5 answersRadio emission can be used to study the processes and mechanisms involved in the evolution of stars in several ways. Firstly, radio observations allow us to identify and study active galactic nuclei (AGN), including 'radio-quiet' quasars (RQQs), which play a significant role in galaxy evolution. These studies have shown that the radio emission in RQQs is predominantly dominated by black-hole accretion rather than star formation. Additionally, radio observations of hot and cool stars, as well as ultracool dwarfs, provide insights into stellar activity, stellar winds, and mass loss. Furthermore, simulations of wind-wind interactions between stars and hot Jupiter exoplanets can help understand the mechanisms behind planetary system formation. Overall, radio emission observations offer valuable information about the accretion and star-formation histories of the Universe, as well as the enrichment of the interstellar medium and the dynamics of magnetospheres in stars and planets.
How can radio emission be used to study the processes and mechanisms involved in the stellar formation?3 answersRadio emission can be used to study the processes and mechanisms involved in stellar formation. By analyzing the radio continuum associated with Young Stellar Clusters (YSCs), researchers can gain insights into the early formation and evolution of these clusters. The radio emission from YSCs can provide information about the relevance of magnetic fields and cosmic rays across the galaxy disk, as well as the correlation between radio continuum and other star formation indicators such as Halpha. Additionally, the radio emission from YSCs can be used to investigate the role of massive stars in triggering particle acceleration through winds and shocks, which can then diffuse throughout the molecular cloud prior to cloud dispersal. This research has important implications for understanding AGN feedback, modeling AGN accretion and star-formation histories, and determining the accretion and star-formation histories of the Universe.
How are stars formed\?5 answersStars are formed through the gravitational collapse of molecular clouds, which are formed from the turbulent interstellar medium. This process is highly inefficient, with magnetic fields playing a role in regulating against gravitational collapse. There are two dominant models of star formation: gravitational collapse theory and competitive accretion theory. Gravitational collapse theory suggests that star-forming molecular clumps fragment into gaseous cores that collapse to form individual stars or small multiple systems. Competitive accretion theory proposes that stars are initially much smaller than the typical stellar mass and their final masses are determined by subsequent accretion of unbound gas from the clump. Measurement of polarized emission from interstellar dust grains, which are partially aligned with the magnetic field, provides insights into the role of magnetic fields in the star formation process. Disk accretion is the mechanism through which low-mass stars form, and it is also applicable to the formation of more massive stars.
What is the radiation mechanism of fast radio bursts?5 answersThe radiation mechanism of fast radio bursts (FRBs) is still unknown. However, several theories have been proposed based on the observed properties of FRBs. One theory suggests that the radiation process must be coherent due to the extremely high brightness temperatures of FRBs. The properties of narrow spectra and polarization distributions can be used to constrain the radiation mechanism. Different intrinsic radiation mechanisms have been discussed, including relativistic particle's perpendicular acceleration, coherent process by multiple particles, and synchrotron maser emission mechanism. These mechanisms can explain the observed narrow spectra and polarization properties of FRBs, such as the high linear polarization degree and the small fraction showing significant circular polarization. The conditions for these mechanisms to produce specific polarization properties have been investigated, including the relation between the particle's deflection angle and the radiation beaming angle, as well as the presence of field reversal or asymmetric Lorentz factor distribution. Further research and observations are needed to determine the exact radiation mechanism of FRBs.