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How do hybrid intelligent models differ from traditional machine learning techniques in predicting TBM penetration rate? 


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Hybrid intelligent models, as seen in various studies, combine machine learning techniques with empirical methods to enhance prediction accuracy while maintaining robustness and generalization abilities. These models, such as the hybrid LSTM-GWO model , ELM-ALO, ELM-LSO, and ELM-SOA models , and the hybrid ensemble model (HENSM) , integrate optimization algorithms or ensemble techniques with machine learning to predict TBM penetration rate more effectively. In contrast, traditional machine learning techniques like multiple regression, neural networks, and support vector regression models focus solely on data-driven predictions without incorporating additional optimization or ensemble strategies. The hybrid models demonstrate superior performance in predicting TBM penetration rate by leveraging the strengths of both machine learning and empirical approaches, as evidenced by their higher accuracy, stability, and generalization capabilities in various tunneling projects.

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Hybrid intelligent models, like BPNN, combine multiple techniques for TBM penetration rate prediction, surpassing traditional methods by enhancing accuracy and stability through integrated approaches.
Hybrid intelligent models combine conventional soft computing methods with artificial neural networks, outperforming traditional techniques in predicting TBM penetration rate in rock environments.
Hybrid intelligent models like ELM-ALO, ELM-LSO, and ELM-SOA combine swarm intelligence optimization algorithms with ELM for improved TBM advance rate prediction compared to traditional machine learning techniques.
Hybrid intelligent models combine machine learning and empirical methods based on data similarity to enhance accuracy, robustness, and generalization in predicting TBM penetration rate, surpassing traditional machine learning techniques.
Hybrid intelligent models, like LSTM-GWO, combine deep learning with optimization algorithms for enhanced accuracy in predicting TBM penetration rate, surpassing traditional machine learning techniques.

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