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How does isotope effect occur in biology?

Kinetic isotope effect

Magnetoreception

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Isotope effects in biology manifest through various mechanisms. One significant aspect involves the spin dynamics of chemical reactions with radical pairs, which are proposed to influence processes like avian magnetoreception, anesthesia, neurogenesis, and circadian rhythms . Isotope substitution of hydrogen bonded protons induces geometric changes and affects chemical shifts in hydrogen bond structures, impacting tautomeric systems in both liquid and solid states . Additionally, the fractionation of stable isotopes in biological entities is linked to physical interactions between atomic nuclei and valence electrons, potentially influenced by the neutron effect . Isotopic effects in living organisms due to metabolism involve intermolecular fractionation of isotopes during biochemical reactions, driven by differences in mass and magnetic moment of atomic nuclei, leading to isotopic fractionation within biological systems .

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Journal Article•DOI The Mechanisms of the Interaction of Stable Isotopes with Biological Objects in the Presence of an Uncompensated Neutron in Chemical Bonds A. A. Elkina, A. A. Elkina, E. N. Tumaev, A. A. Basov, A. A. Basov, A. V. Moiseev, V. V. Malyshko, V. V. Malyshko, E. V. Barisheva, A. V. Churkina, S. S. Dzhimak, S. S. Dzhimak - Show less +11 more 01 Sep 2020-Biophysics 2 Citations	Isotope fractionation in biological objects may occur due to interactions with uncompensated neutrons in chemical bonds, affecting magnetic moments of electrons and nuclei, altering atomic distances.
Other•DOI Isotope Effects in Hydrogen Bond Research Jacob A. Herman 06 Dec 2022	Isotope effects in biology predict macrostructures, side chain protonation states, and hydrogen bond patterns. They serve as valuable tools for understanding biological systems at a molecular level.
Open access•Posted Content•DOI Magnetic isotope effects: a potential testing ground for quantum biology 18 Jan 2023	Isotope effects in biology, such as magnetic isotope effects, are influenced by spin dynamics of radical pairs in biochemical reactions, potentially revealing quantum biology mechanisms.
Open access•Journal Article•DOI Isotopic effect of macro- and microelements in ecosystems О. Musich, A. Zubko, О. Demyanуuk - Show less +2 more 18 Aug 2020-Balanced Nature Using	Isotope effects in biology occur through intermolecular fractionation during biochemical reactions, based on mass and magnetic properties of atomic nuclei, leading to isotopic fractionation within biological objects.
Peer Review Magnetic isotope effects: a potential testing ground for quantum biology Hadi Zadeh-Haghighi, Christoph Simon - Show less +1 more 18 Jan 2023	Isotope effects in biology occur through spin dynamics of radical pairs, influencing processes like magnetosensing, anesthesia, neurogenesis, and circadian rhythms, making them a potential area for quantum biology research.

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How isotopes aim the hydrochemistry research?5 answersIsotopes play a crucial role in hydrochemistry research by providing valuable insights into the age, origin, and movement of water within the hydrological cycle. Stable isotopes like oxygen-18 and deuterium are utilized to trace sources of water, understand groundwater recharge processes, and investigate hydrochemical characteristics. These isotopes help in identifying the evolution of groundwater systems under the influence of human activities, determining the dominant water types, and revealing the hydrochemical characteristics of water resources. Additionally, stable isotopes aid in studying the isotope composition of precipitation, showing seasonal fluctuations influenced by rainfall amount and ambient air temperature, thus contributing to a comprehensive understanding of water resources and their interactions with the environment.

Isotope effects in atoms and molecules5 answersIsotope effects in atoms and molecules refer to the alterations in fundamental molecular properties, such as energy levels and dynamics, resulting from isotopic substitution. These effects can impact vibrational frequencies, spatial distributions, and chemical shifts, providing insights into molecular structures, bonding, and interactions. Techniques like attosecond photoelectron interferometry and tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy enable the sensitive detection and measurement of isotope effects at a detailed level, offering valuable information on isotopic contributions and molecular behavior. Isotope effects on chemical shifts can elucidate hydrogen bonding, tautomerism, and structural parameters, aiding in the understanding of complex molecular systems. Overall, studying isotope effects in atoms and molecules provides a deeper understanding of molecular dynamics and interactions at a microscopic level.

How do stable isotopes impact reaction mechanisms in organic chemistry?5 answersStable isotopes play a crucial role in elucidating reaction mechanisms in organic chemistry. Isotope effects, such as kinetic isotope effects (KIEs), provide valuable insights into reaction pathways. Incorporating stable isotopes into proteins enables studies on hydride transfer reactions and enzyme kinetics. By designing stable-isotope-labeled analogs, researchers can investigate thermal isomerizations, reaction stereochemistry, and the presence of short-lived intermediates, refining mechanistic understandings in organic reactions. These isotopic labeling techniques, coupled with advanced experimental and computational methodologies, offer a comprehensive approach to unraveling the intricacies of reaction mechanisms in organic chemistry.

Isotope effect in thermomigration5 answersThe isotope effect in thermomigration is evident in various studies. Research on the creep behavior of Cu/Sn0.7Cu/Cu solder joints under a temperature gradient showed a significant reduction in creep lifetime due to thermomigration, with the fracture position shifting towards the hot end. Additionally, studies on the electromigration of calcium ions along a cation exchange membrane revealed an enrichment of lighter isotopes at the migration band's front, proportional to the isotopic mass differences. Furthermore, investigations into the quantum theory of diffusion highlighted the isotope effect on the effective charge Z* in light interstitials like hydrogen, stemming from differences in self-trapping distortions of isotopes and their qualitative dependence on host lattice and temperature. These findings collectively demonstrate the presence and impact of the isotope effect in thermomigration phenomena.

Isotope effect in tokamak4 answersThe isotope effect in tokamak plasmas refers to the dependence of plasma transport and confinement on the atomic mass of the main ion species. Several studies have shown that the isotope mass, whether it is hydrogen (H) or deuterium (D), has a significant impact on plasma behavior. In H-mode plasmas, the energy, momentum, and particle confinement have been found to have a strong and favorable dependence on the atomic mass of the main ion species, with the energy confinement time scaling as tau(E) ~ A(0.5). In L-mode plasmas, a weaker positive isotope scaling has been observed, with higher ion masses resulting in improved core confinement. The mass dependence of turbulent transport in the edge region has direct consequences for the L-H transition, with lower ion masses requiring more heating power to enter the H-mode. Additionally, the level of geodesic acoustic mode (GAM) zonal flows and turbulence eddy size have been found to be increased in deuterium plasmas compared to hydrogen plasmas, leading to lower turbulent transport and better confinement in deuterium plasmas.

Isotope effect in Gas diffusion5 answersIsotope effects in gas diffusion have been studied in several papers. Moulik et al.reported the isotope selective diffusion of CO₂ gas through tungsten oxide nanostructures, where only the ¹²CO₂ isotopes were allowed to diffuse. Koster van Groos et al.focused on using the stable isotope composition of mercury as a tracer to identify and quantify mercury stocks and flows in the environment. Sun and Baoexplored the non-mass-dependent isotope anomalies generated by subjecting O₂ gas to a thermal gradient, suggesting a nuclear spin effect on gas diffusion coefficient. Baird and Schwartzinvestigated the isotopic mass dependence of diffusion in various metals and found both normal and inverse isotope effects. Overall, these studies highlight the importance of understanding isotope effects in gas diffusion for various applications, such as environmental monitoring and isotope geochemistry.

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