How does sex impact autoimmunity?
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Sex impacts autoimmunity through a combination of genetic, epigenetic, hormonal, and immunological factors . Females are more susceptible to autoimmune diseases, and this sex bias is influenced by sex hormones and sex chromosomes . Puberty is a critical period when sex hormone levels and metabolism undergo significant changes, potentially contributing to the sex differences in autoimmunity . Women generally exhibit a stronger pro-inflammatory response, while men display expanded regulatory cell subsets . Sex chromosome dosage, specifically having two X chromosomes, increases susceptibility to systemic autoimmunity in humans . Additionally, sex hormones and the composition of the gut microbiome interact to modulate the immune response, further contributing to the observed gender differences in autoimmunity . Understanding the impact of sex on autoimmunity can lead to more sex-specific treatment strategies for autoimmune diseases .
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| Papers (5) | Insight |
|---|---|
| Sex impacts autoimmunity through sex-dependent differences in the immune system, influenced by sex hormones, sex chromosomes, sociological factors, diet, and gut microbiota. Women show increased susceptibility to autoimmune diseases due to a stronger pro-inflammatory response, while men display expanded regulatory cell subsets. Ageing also affects autoimmune disease susceptibility differently in men and women. | |
| The paper discusses the role of sex hormones in regulating immune response and suggests that puberty, with its drastic changes in sex hormone levels, may be a factor in the sex bias towards autoimmunity. However, it does not provide a direct answer to how sex impacts autoimmunity. | |
| The paper explains that sex impacts autoimmunity through a combination of genetic, epigenetic, and hormonal factors. It mentions that females predominate with most autoimmune diseases, but does not provide further details on how exactly sex influences autoimmunity. | |
| Sex chromosome dosage, rather than the gonadal sex itself, contributes to sex bias in autoimmunity. Humans with two X chromosomes exhibit increased susceptibility to systemic autoimmunity regardless of their gonadal sex. | |
| Sex impacts autoimmunity through the sexual dimorphism of the immune response, the immunomodulatory function of sex hormones, and the reciprocal influence of sex hormones and microbiome composition. |
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