Will quantum computer break symmetric and assymetric cryptograghy and how?5 answersQuantum computers pose a significant threat to both symmetric and asymmetric cryptography. Grover's algorithm allows for a square root speedup in searching for keys in symmetric schemes like AES. On the other hand, Shor's algorithm can efficiently solve the mathematical problems underlying asymmetric algorithms like RSA and Diffie Hellman, jeopardizing their security. These quantum algorithms leverage parallel processing capabilities to break cryptographic systems by solving complex mathematical problems such as integer factorization and discrete logarithms in polynomial time, which classical computers struggle with exponentially. To counter this threat, researchers are exploring post-quantum cryptographic systems based on different mathematical structures to ensure security in the face of quantum advancements.
How does aes encryption work?5 answersThe AES encryption algorithm works by dividing the message into blocks of 128, 192, or 256 bits. It then applies a series of calculations, including the ShiftRows process and three substitution processes: SubBytes, MixColumns, and AddRoundKey. These calculations are designed to provide a high level of security and confidentiality. The encryption procedure is efficient and has a high level of security. The S-box module in AES plays a crucial role in providing confusion and diffusion measures during encryption. To enhance the throughput rate and optimize path delay, composite field arithmetic-based Sub-bytes and inverse Sub-bytes operations are used. The AES algorithm is widely used and offers a high level of security. It provides different key sizes and block sizes, and understanding the critical aspects of the algorithm is essential for successful encryption and decryption. Researchers have also designed hardware implementations of the AES algorithm using VHDL, resulting in faster encryption and decryption processes.
What is the difference between symmetric and asymmetric PCR?5 answersSymmetric PCR and asymmetric PCR are two different amplification methods used in molecular biology. In symmetric PCR, both strands of the target DNA are amplified exponentially during the amplification process. This is achieved by using equal amounts of both forward and reverse primers. On the other hand, asymmetric PCR involves using a higher concentration of one primer compared to the other. This results in preferential amplification of one strand of the target DNA, leading to a higher yield of single-stranded amplicons. Asymmetric PCR can be used to generate large amounts of single-stranded amplicons, which is beneficial in applications such as biochip hybridization and the preparation of single-stranded products. It has been shown that asymmetric PCR can achieve higher levels of fluorescent signal compared to symmetric PCR. The AELA-PCR variant of asymmetric PCR combines both exponential and linear amplification to generate an amplification product enriched in one of the single strands of the target DNA.
What is the mechanism of asymmetric cell division polarity?5 answersAsymmetric cell division (ACD) is a process that generates daughter cells with different functions and is crucial for cell diversity. The establishment of cell polarity is a key mechanism in ACD. Polarization can be achieved through various intrinsic and extrinsic signals. Intrinsic signals, such as the X chromosome in Auanema rhodensis, can act as polarizing cues for partitioning essential cytoplasmic components for cell fate determination. The PAR polarity system in the cell membrane also plays a critical role in regulating ACD. Studies have focused on understanding how PAR polarity is established, but the dynamics of polarity domains have received less attention. Additionally, the nucleus plays a role in establishing cell polarity and division plane orientation. Proteins involved in nuclear envelope function, such as MLKS2, are important for pre-mitotic nuclear migration and stable nuclear positioning, which influence division plane establishment in asymmetrically dividing cells.
What are the interesting properties of asymmetrical buildings?1 answersAsymmetrical buildings have several interesting properties. One property is the torsional response, which can cause three-dimensional effects in the seismic response of these buildings. Another property is displacement-controlled behavior, where the peak drift demand of the structure is constrained by a peak displacement demand solely determined by the properties of the ground shaking. Asymmetrical buildings with eccentrically located reinforced concrete cores/shear walls at the edges are highly vulnerable to displacement demands during earthquakes. The vertical distribution of lateral loading plays a significant role in the torsional behavior of multistorey asymmetric diaphragm systems. Lastly, there is a research gap in understanding the interaction between asymmetrical buildings and pile foundations, with limited studies conducted on this topic.
How does hybrid cryptography work?4 answersHybrid cryptography combines the benefits of symmetric-key and public-key cryptography to provide quick and secure communication and storage of sensitive information. In this approach, a file is first encrypted using a symmetric key for secure storage, and then further encrypted using the recipient's public key. This ensures that only authorized parties can access the file by decrypting the symmetric key with their private key. By combining the effectiveness of symmetric key cryptography with the security of public-key cryptography, hybrid cryptography is well-liked for safeguarding sensitive data in various circumstances. It offers additional security by using multiple encryption algorithms to encrypt the file, improving information security. Hybrid cryptography is a category of algorithms that use both symmetric and asymmetric algorithms, providing a quick and secure cryptographic algorithm.