How can phage indicators be used to monitor and control the spread of viral pathogens in wastewater using metagenomics?5 answersPhage indicators, such as crAssphage, can serve as valuable tools for monitoring viral pathogens in wastewater treatment processes. Studies show that crAssphage concentrations correlate significantly with human viral pathogens like adenovirus and polyomavirus during wastewater treatment, indicating similar removal mechanisms. Additionally, metagenomic analysis of wastewater samples can provide deep insights into the presence and dynamics of various viral strains, including respiratory pathogens like RSV and influenza, enhancing surveillance capabilities. Phage-based biosensors offer rapid and specific detection of pathogens, aiding in water quality monitoring and outbreak prevention. By leveraging phage indicators in conjunction with metagenomic approaches, it becomes feasible to track, detect, and control the spread of viral pathogens in wastewater effectively.
How can contamination be prevented during the preparation and handling of culture media?5 answersContamination during the preparation and handling of culture media can be prevented by implementing stringent sterilization practices and adhering to proper handling techniques. Ensuring adequate sterilization of glassware and culture media is crucial to prevent microbial contaminations. Additionally, maintaining sterility during the preparation of culture plates by conducting thorough sterility checks before proceeding with microbiological procedures is essential. Furthermore, utilizing up-stream virus filtration as a clearance step can effectively prevent contamination in large volume pre-manufacturing process culture media preparations, especially when dealing with complex products that are challenging for downstream interventions. Regular training sessions and annual reviews of best practices in cell culture laboratories are also recommended to reinforce proper techniques and minimize the risk of contamination.
What is the minimal inhibitory concentration of ryfampicine against e.coli?4 answersThe minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ryfampicine against E. coli is not mentioned in any of the provided abstracts.
What are the impacts of phage-host interactions?1 answersPhage-host interactions have various impacts. These interactions can influence phage replication, lysis-lysogeny decisions, and phage counter-defensive strategies in bacteria. Phages play a significant role in designing effective antibiotics and act as potential antimicrobial agents against harmful pathogens. Phages can recognize and bind to receptor proteins on the bacterial cell wall, which allows them to prevent the growth of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. Lytic phages, in particular, can infect and lyse their host cells, affecting cell densities and competitive dynamics within microbial communities. Phages also have an impact on host-associated microbiomes, altering bacterial abundance, community composition, and diversity. Additionally, phages can directly impact immunity, inducing adaptive immune responses and affecting antibody production, effector polarization, phagocytosis, and cytokine responses.
Which phage attack in Escherichia coli K-12?3 answersBacteriophage Mu with its invertible G segment in G(-) orientation does not make plaques on Escherichia coli K-12. Host-range mutants of φX-174 are capable of infecting some strains of Escherichia coli K-12. Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli phage has efficient sterilization capacity on EHEC. Phage BF23 growth is restricted in Escherichia coli K-12 strains carrying a colicin I factor (ColIb). A recombinant bacteriophage lambda, λargG-6, carries the argG gene and neighboring loci on an EcoRI-generated 15.5 Kb DNA fragment from the Escherichia coli chromosome.
Type of Bacteriophage for Escherichia coli K-12?5 answersBacteriophage Bp7 is a T-even phage with a broad host range specific to Escherichia coli, including E. coli K-12. The receptor binding protein (RBP) of phage Bp7 is gp38, located at the tip of the long tail fiber. The specific receptors involved in the first step of reversible phage adsorption are LamB and OmpC proteins on the surface of E. coli K-12. The second receptor recognized by phage Bp7 is HepI of the inner core of polysaccharide. This interaction between phage Bp7 and its receptors explains the broad host range of the phage and provides insight into phage-host interactions.