How can the tyre road friction coefficient be estimated?5 answersThe tyre-road friction coefficient can be estimated using various methods. One approach is to use an adaptive singular value decomposition unscented Kalman filter (ASVD-UKF) with a noise estimator. This method incorporates singular value decomposition (SVD) into the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) to improve the estimation accuracy. Another method involves using a stochastic-based evaluation criterion with a data-driven Kriging model. This criterion utilizes existing vehicle sensor signals to estimate the friction coefficient and has been shown to provide improved results. Additionally, the problem of friction estimation can be formulated as a visual perceptual learning task, where surface characteristics are detected using semantic segmentation and used to predict the frictional force. This approach utilizes a regression model from the latent space of a semantic segmentation model to estimate the frictional force.
What is the coefficient of friction of steel ?5 answersThe coefficient of friction of steel varies depending on the specific conditions and materials involved. In the case of deep drawing quality steel sheets, the coefficient of friction decreases as the contact pressure increases in strip drawing tests, while in draw bead tests, specimens oriented along the rolling direction have a higher coefficient of friction compared to those cut transverse to the rolling direction. For advanced high strength steel sheets, the friction coefficient generally decreases as the value of the friction factor increases, but the factor associated with sheet surface roughness shows a U-shaped behavior. In the case of stretching steel sheets, the coefficient of friction increases with increasing temperature in both dry and lubricated conditions. For traditional friction welding, the friction coefficient is dependent mostly on pressure force and temperature, with values ranging from 0.12 to 0.83. In the case of steel-aluminium contact surfaces, the friction coefficient starts at 0.2, increases to almost 0.8 in the elastic region, and then decreases to 0.6 in the plastic region.
What are the methods of measuring in the industrial robot field?5 answersMethods of measuring in the industrial robot field include:
- Induction measurement technology, bionic technology, and virtual reality technology are combined with the development and design of series robots to provide metering, standards, and verification support for cutting-edge technologies.
- Calibration techniques are commonly used to improve the absolute positioning accuracy of industrial robots. This includes selecting optimal measurement configurations based on the observability index and using an alternation-direction-method-of-multipliers with multiple planes constraints algorithm to enhance calibration accuracy.
- Double encoders are used to estimate the external force-torque vector acting at the tool centre point of an industrial robot. Joint elasticities are identified based on angular deviations at the double encoders, and initial deviations caused by gravitational forces and friction are modeled with a Gaussian process regression.
- Kinematic parameters of the robot can be calibrated using a plane constraint method, a square-root culture Kalman filter algorithm, and a Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. Dial indicators can be used as measuring equipment to reduce costs.
- A robot calibration method incorporating an unscented Kalman filter with a variable step-size Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm is proposed. This method addresses the issue of local optimum and suppresses measurement noises to achieve high calibration accuracy.
How large are losses due to friction in industries like supply chain?5 answersLosses due to friction in industries like supply chain can be significant. Power disturbances in the supply chain have been found to have a statistically significant effect on gross domestic product, particularly in manufacturing industries. Supply chain disruptions caused by various events, such as component shortages, labor strikes, natural disasters, and bankrupt partners, can lead to increased inventories, higher costs, and decreased sales. In the case of fresh vegetable supply chains, losses were estimated to be around 26-27%, with poor packaging and handling techniques contributing to the majority of the losses. In the Chinese food system, food losses and waste occur at each stage of the food chain, with crop postharvest and food post-consumer stages being the biggest sources of losses. Feed crises can also result in direct and indirect damages for animal feed producers and processing sites, with the expected direct damage in the most likely scenario being around Euro 24 million per crisis.
How can we predict the time duration of a manufacturing process?5 answersPredicting the time duration of a manufacturing process is crucial for ensuring manufacturing safety and reducing maintenance loss. Different methods can be used for this purpose. One approach is to model the durations of two complement materials using the bivariate exponential distribution. Another method involves comparing and evaluating different production time estimating methods, such as knowledge-based estimation, predictive analytics, and statistical learning methods. Additionally, algorithms can be developed that take into account real process parameters and information from the part's STL-file to estimate build-time for specific manufacturing processes, such as laminated object manufacturing (LOM). Furthermore, the employment of statistical learning models, such as regression, can be used to estimate processing times of activities involved in manufacturing, taking into account situational dependencies and manufacturing context.
Specify testing the friction of how to compute and what is the unit/data to be collected the time?4 answersThe friction coefficient can be measured using various testing methods. One method involves using a friction tester that measures the friction provided by a surface at a slip speed independent of the speed of travel of the tester. Another method involves using a friction test device that includes a fixed base, a resistance spring, a pressure rod, a test-piece frame, a friction disk, and force sensors. The friction force and abrasion detection result can be accurately obtained using this device. Additionally, a friction coefficient measurement method using a torsion testing machine can be used, where the friction coefficient value is calculated based on the sizes of the contact surfaces, the applied pressure, and the friction moment. The unit of measurement for the friction coefficient is dimensionless, as it represents the ratio of the friction force to the normal force. The data collected during the test includes the friction force, the normal force, and the friction coefficient value.