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How GPR method used to determine material below the ground?

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Ground-penetrating radar

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Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is a method used to determine the material below the ground. GPR uses electromagnetic fields to detect structures and changes in material properties within the subsurface . It provides images of the dielectric properties of earth materials, allowing for the detection and mapping of contaminants such as used engine oil (UEO) in sandy environments . GPR can also be used to assess the condition of pavement structures by detecting underground features and anomalies, such as buried cables and pipes . The dispersion of GPR wave's phase velocity at different frequencies can be analyzed to characterize variations in material properties and detect surface damage . GPR data processing systems are designed to filter and interpret the signals obtained by the radar antenna, improving the accuracy of object detection and interpretation . Full waveform inversion of GPR based on Maxwell's equations can invert the permittivity and conductivity of the underground medium, allowing for quantitative interpretation of target formations .

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Open access•Journal Article•DOI Determination Asphalt Layer using Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Anwar Farhan Badrul Hisham, Mohamad Hezri Razali, Ahmad Norhisyam Idris, Rosmadi Ghazali, Naim Ibrahim - Show less +4 more 01 Jul 2022-IOP conference series 1 Citations	The paper does not provide information on how the GPR method is used to determine materials below the ground.
Open access•Journal Article•DOI The Development of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Data Processing Baso Maruddani, Efri Sandi - Show less +1 more 01 Dec 2019-International Journal of Machine Learning and Computing 5 Citations	The paper does not provide specific information on how the GPR method is used to determine materials below the ground. The paper focuses on the development of GPR data processing system and does not discuss the specific applications or methods used for material detection.
Journal Article•DOI GPR wave dispersion for material characterization Wallace W.L. Lai, Ray K.W. Chang, Christoph Völker, Bella Wei-Yat Cheung, Bella Wei-Yat Cheung - Show less +4 more 03 May 2021-Construction and Building Materials 4 Citations	The provided paper does not discuss how GPR is used to determine materials below the ground.
Open access•Journal Article•DOI Time-Lapse Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Imaging of Used Engine Oil Contamination. Hafiz Mohammed Nazifi, Ertan Pekşen, Levent Gülen - Show less +2 more 12 Apr 2023-Bulletin of the mineral research and exploration	The paper does not provide information on how GPR is used to determine materials below the ground.

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