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How is PsO trearted? 


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Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is an optimization algorithm inspired by the social behavior of bird flocking or fish schooling. It is a population-based stochastic method designed for continuous optimization. PSO divides the particle swarm into multiple groups and uses a two-layer structure for optimization. The algorithm enhances efficiency by adopting a mixed algorithm of negative gradient and dividing the particle group into an elite layer and an ordinary layer. The elite layer is relatively fixed and regularly selected, while the ordinary layer undergoes optimization calculations. The algorithm also incorporates an adaptive two-population strategy to increase population diversity and enhance the algorithm's ability to develop locally. It uses a new velocity–position update method and a neighborhood search strategy to improve performance. PSO can be customized using a general framework called GPSO, which balances exploration and exploitation properties.

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The paper proposes a PSO algorithm with multiple groups and a two-layer structure. The particles in the swarm are divided into groups and optimized using a mixed algorithm of negative gradient. The particle group is then divided into an elite layer and an ordinary layer based on their function values. The elite layer is relatively fixed and regularly selected, and its optimal solution is added to the position update formula of each particle. The algorithm aims to avoid premature convergence and improve the global optimization ability of PSO.
The paper proposes a PSO algorithm with an adaptive two-population strategy (PSO-ATPS) to address the challenges of the PSO algorithm and improve its convergence accuracy. The algorithm increases the diversity of the population by continuously changing the search strategy of the particles and introduces a new neighborhood search strategy called the oscillation strategy.
The paper introduces a modified version of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) that incorporates a Gaussian process model to forecast the shape of the objective function and adapt particle movements based on it.
The paper proposes a general framework called GPSO for particle swarm optimization (PSO) that allows researchers to customize PSO easily by aggregating important parameters and generalizing important variants.

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