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How previous research has quantified the visual perceived naturalness of landscapes?? 


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Previous research has quantified the visual perceived naturalness of landscapes through various methods. Studies have utilized online photo surveys with parameters like naturalness, harmony, care, order, trust, and scenic beauty to evaluate urban parks' visual quality . Additionally, laboratory experiments have been conducted using bird survey data to represent biodiversity levels, where participants viewed landscape images and evaluated their natural perceptions . Another approach involved assessing the soundscape diversity of mountain trails by measuring sound intensity and categorizing sounds into anthropogenic and natural, proposing a method for assessing naturalness through naturalness curves . These diverse methodologies highlight the importance of considering natural elements, biodiversity, and sound quality in quantifying the visual perceived naturalness of landscapes.

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Previous research quantified visual perceived naturalness of landscapes using a 5-point Likert scale with parameters like naturalness, harmony, scenic beauty, mystery, diversity, vitality, care, trust, openness, and order.
Previous research quantified visual perceived naturalness of landscapes by associating biodiversity levels with attention restoration. Biodiverse landscapes with higher avian species richness were perceived as more natural.
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