Dominance and higher in hierarchy4 answersPeople higher in social dominance orientation (SDO) tend to favor group hierarchies and inequalities. They may deal with belonging to institutions that culturally sustain group equality by either leaving the institution or adopting a framework that aligns with their socially dominant beliefs. Dominance and prestige are two distinct routes to gaining status and influence in human social hierarchies. Dominant individuals use threat or fear, while prestigious individuals have specialist knowledge or skills. In naturally occurring social groups, dominance and prestige hierarchies exist, but they may be more domain-specific and less flexible than anticipated. In hummingbird assemblages, weight is a major contributor to high dominance values, and species with higher weight tend to dominate contests for resources. High-social dominant employees endorse harsh power tactics and oppose soft power tactics, especially in hierarchy-attenuating organizations. Women high in social dominance orientation may reconcile supporting a social system that disadvantages them by adopting a benevolently sexist worldview.
How is stratification and meritocracy linked?4 answersStratification and meritocracy are linked in several ways. Meritocracy refers to the distribution of goods and rewards based on individual talent and effort, which legitimizes unequal resource distribution in society. The concept of meritocracy frames social inequality in individualistic terms, focusing on ascribed and achieved characteristics that determine socioeconomic rewards. However, the empirical evidence challenges the individual-centered, meritocratic accounts of social stratification, revealing a heterogeneous effect of education on achieving social positions. Additionally, the role of caste in the stratification of Indian technical education highlights how meritocracy can be used to maintain upper-caste identitarianism and forestall democratic transformation. Honors programs in higher education institutions also contribute to the stratification system, but paradoxically, they can decrease overall stratification between colleges and universities and potentially serve as avenues for social mobility. Overall, the concept of meritocracy is intertwined with the understanding and analysis of social stratification.
How has colonialism created inequalities?4 answersColonialism has created inequalities by shaping structures of extraction and differential redistribution, leading to persistent racial discrimination and income inequality. The history of legal racism, White supremacy, and colonialism has produced non-White subjects that appear objectively undesirable, resulting in racial discrimination in international migration policies. European empires, through their modes of extraction and taxation, have contributed to forms of inequality in the present, with ongoing implications for contemporary political economy. In colonies, income inequality was high, with European settlers or expatriates comprising the majority of top income earners, while autochthons had limited income opportunities. The distribution of assets, particularly land, during the colonial period has played a crucial role in explaining the observed rigidity in post-war income inequality levels. Higher income inequality has been found in colonies where the percentage of European settlers to the total population was higher, as long as Europeans remained a minority. Overall, colonialism has had a significant impact on creating and perpetuating inequalities in various forms.
What does the literature on status identity model say?5 answersThe literature on the status identity model suggests that there is a convergence on a central definition of status, causal pathways, and the claim that the pursuit of status tends to produce conflict. However, this convergence is seen as both a sign of progress and an obstacle to it, as there are critical contradictions between standing and membership and tensions between the causal pathways. Additionally, the literature may be overlooking the ways in which status can help states avoid conflict and promote cooperation under certain conditions. In the field of psychology, research on socioeconomic status (SES) focuses on investigating the subjective meaning and value that people attach to understanding their own SES as an identity. The literature also explores the applicability of the identity status paradigm in identifying different stages of moral identity maturity among managers, highlighting the different ethical principles used by managers with different identity statuses. The literature on identity development emphasizes the importance of committing to an identity for overall wellness and lower levels of psychological distress, but the factors that best predict identity statuses are still not fully understood. The identity status paradigm has been evaluated and found to have shortcomings in terms of construct validity and the lack of developmental continuity underlying the statuses.
How income and social status contribute social inequality of wealth and poverty?5 answersIncome and social status contribute to social inequality of wealth and poverty in several ways. Firstly, income inequality is a significant factor in wealth inequality, as higher income groups tend to accumulate more wealth through economic activity and loans in the financial market. Secondly, income inequality can increase concerns about social status and social comparison, leading to status-seeking behavior such as saving and investment in education. Rising income inequality strengthens the incentives for status-seeking savings by increasing the benefits of improving social status and enlarging the wealth level required for status upgrading. Additionally, income inequality has been associated with a concentration of income and wealth at the top of the distribution, leading to a socioeconomic phenomenon known as the Great Gatsby Curve. This growing inequality can undermine the foundation of a capitalist democracy and create social polarization.
How does affirmative action leads to inequality?5 answersAffirmative action policies can lead to inequality by failing to address the specific needs and disadvantages of certain racial and ethnic subgroups. These policies often rely on broad categories that do not account for the distinct experiences and challenges faced by different groups within those categories. For example, in India, research has shown that there are persistent inequalities in educational outcomes between different jatis within the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, suggesting that socio-economic hierarchies remain stable. Similarly, in Brazil, the introduction of color-blind affirmative action policies has had mixed effects on inequality and GDP, depending on the magnitude of the policy. In the context of higher education in India, structured inequalities such as caste, culture, and economic disparities continue to limit the impact of affirmative action measures, hindering social mobility for scheduled castes. Unfair discrimination can also arise within designated groups when competing for the same positions, highlighting the need for careful selection processes to avoid perpetuating inequality.