Export impacts gender wage gap?4 answersExporting firms tend to exhibit a higher gender wage gap (GWG) compared to non-exporting firms, as shown in studies focusing on Brazil, Norway, and Japan. The presence of a systematic difference in GWG between exporters and non-exporters is attributed to exporters requiring greater commitment and flexibility from employees, potentially leading to statistical discrimination against female workers. Research in Japan further supports this by indicating that international economic activities, such as exporting and multinational operations, are associated with reduced GWGs. Specifically, domestically-owned firms with no international involvement report the largest GWG, while foreign-owned multinational enterprises established through greenfield investment show the smallest GWG and the highest gender-neutral wage premium among different firm types.
What factors influence innovative work behavior among teachers?5 answersInnovative work behavior among teachers is influenced by various factors. Studies suggest that digital competency and self-leadership positively impact teachers' innovative work behavior. Additionally, self-efficacy, burnout, and irrational beliefs have been identified as potential factors influencing innovative work behavior, with mediation analysis revealing the role of irrational beliefs and burnout as mediators between self-efficacy and innovative work behavior. Proactive personality and knowledge sharing significantly influence innovative work behavior, with knowledge sharing acting as a mediator between proactive personality and innovative work behavior. Moreover, exemplary leadership, creative climate, collective trust, and commitment have been found to positively affect teachers' innovative work behavior. Furthermore, innovative self-efficacy and perceived school climate play crucial roles in promoting teachers' innovative work behavior, with school administration encouraged to enhance teachers' innovativeness through training and intervention programs.
Are innovative technologies importent?5 answersInnovative technologies are important in various fields. In agriculture, they increase production efficiency, improve product quality, and ensure international competitiveness. In construction, innovative technologies improve construction processes, increase resource efficiency, and reduce costs. In education, innovative technologies enhance teaching methods and student motivation. In management, digitalization and information tools optimize business models and improve logistics processes. In the hospitality industry, innovation is crucial for competitiveness, with sensory marketing tools playing a significant role in the development of the marketing mix. These examples highlight the importance of innovative technologies in different sectors, as they lead to increased efficiency, improved quality, reduced costs, and enhanced competitiveness.
What are the benefits of exporting?4 answersExporting has several benefits. From a macro perspective, exporting contributes to the maintenance of economic growth, creates jobs, and increases national productivity. It also helps raise the standards of living and provides currency stability. From a micro perspective, exporting generates business funds for company reinvestment and growth, diversifies company business across different markets, and enhances product innovation. It also improves utilization of production capacity and develops superior management capabilities. Exporting can help improve export performance in Africa, where most countries are still grappling with trade deficits and lack export diversity. Additionally, exporting mitigates investment liquidity constraints, allowing firms to make strategic investments they would not otherwise be able to make. Overall, exporting has the potential to contribute to economic growth, job creation, and improved business performance.
What is exporting?5 answersExporting is the activity of selling goods and services produced domestically to foreign countries. It is the most commonly adopted foreign market entry mode by firms to grow and develop in international markets due to its lower costs, risks, and resource commitment. Exporting can be carried out by medium-sized businesses as a strategy to compete in international markets and can provide foreign exchange earnings for the agency of origin of the goods or commodities. It is not just an initial low-commitment internationalization strategy, but for many firms, it is a preferred mode of servicing foreign markets from their domestic markets. Successful export strategies can be organized in various ways, such as through export managers, centralistic export developers, export skimmers, or integrated export developers. The value of exports and imports is crucial for a country's economy, and instability in these values can impact the country's income.
What are the advantages of exporting on firm?3 answersExporting provides several advantages for firms. Firstly, exporting leads to higher profits, with treatment firms reporting 15-26% higher profits compared to control firms. Secondly, exporting improves the quality of products, as treatment firms exhibit large improvements in quality alongside reductions in output per hour. Thirdly, exporting enhances technical efficiency and productivity, with treatment firms having higher productivity and quality even after accounting for product specifications. Additionally, exporting facilitates learning-by-exporting, as treatment firms exhibit learning curves over time and experience knowledge transfers that improve quality along specific dimensions. Lastly, exporting contributes to job stability, particularly for skilled workers, as firms with higher export intensity exhibit lower volatility in skilled labor demand.