How to calculate heat build up from goodrich flexometer?5 answersTo calculate heat build-up from a Goodrich flexometer, one can utilize thermo-mechanical coupling methods based on finite element models like the Lagrangian model, Lagrangian-Eulerian model, and Plane Strain model, as discussed in. These models predict steady-state temperature distribution and rolling resistance of solid tires under various loads and speeds, with the Lagrangian model showing the highest prediction accuracy. Additionally, a Kraus self-heating model can be employed to establish the quantitative relationship between dynamic loss modulus of rubber and loading conditions, aiding in heat build-up calculations. Furthermore, for a broader understanding of heat generation in materials, one can refer to studies on cyclic thermo-mechanical responses of rubber samples using finite strain thermo-viscoelastic-damage models.
How is metabolic heat calculated at large scale?5 answersMetabolic heat at a large scale is calculated using various methods such as continuous and dynamic heat balance calorimetry, which evaluates individual heat sources' contributions and metabolic heat magnitude. Genome-scale kinetic models play a crucial role in predicting metabolic alterations for industrial biotechnology applications. Anthropogenic heating studies reveal that metabolic heat from human populations contributes significantly to urban energy budgets, especially in high-density tropical cities. New modeling approaches based on statistical thermodynamics offer insights into predicting metabolite levels and characterizing reaction thermodynamics, as demonstrated in the tricarboxylic acid cycle of Escherichia coli. By integrating these diverse methodologies, metabolic heat can be accurately calculated and analyzed on a large scale for various applications.
How to calculate Heat build up in a rubber?5 answersTo calculate heat build-up in rubber, various methods are employed. One approach involves using a thermo-mechanical coupling method based on Endurica and Abaqus co-simulation to predict the steady-state temperature distribution and rolling resistance of rubber components. Another method utilizes a Finite Element Analysis (FEA) model to predict heat generation and temperature rise during Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) tests, considering the specimen shape to minimize temperature increase. Additionally, a numerical method within an ANSYS Workbench finite element environment can simulate the kinetics of heat build-up in rubber under cyclic multiaxial loading, determining dissipation energy and dissipation constant from strain energy density. These methods help in understanding and predicting the temperature evolution in rubber components to prevent premature degradation and optimize performance.
How can calculate the solar radiation?5 answersSolar radiation can be calculated using various methods and models. One approach is to use solar radiation estimation models that accept meteorological parameters and geographical entities as input and provide estimates of global solar radiation (GSR). Soft computing-based models, such as artificial neural networks (ANN), have shown good performance in solar radiation estimation. Another method is Gaussian process regression (GPR), which has been used to model daily and monthly solar radiation. Neural models like ANN, support vector machine (SVM), adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), and multiple linear regression (MLR) have been evaluated for estimating solar radiation. The use of a distributive foundation cloud atlas and cloud motion information can also be employed to calculate solar radiation intensity in real-time. Additionally, a surface solar radiation calculation method based on deep learning has been proposed, which utilizes atmospheric and surface parameters as input to obtain accurate calculations. Finally, publicly available weather forecast data can be used to calculate solar radiation, taking into account cloud coverage and other weather parameters.
How to calculate the heat removal factor?4 answersThe heat removal factor (FR) is a crucial parameter in determining the thermal efficiency of photovoltaic thermal (PVT) systems. It represents the ratio of the actual heat transfer to the maximum yield of heat transfer. Several methods have been proposed to calculate FR. One method involves determining the ratio of the actual useful heat to the maximum useful heat. Another method considers the slopes of the efficiency curves and the minimum overall heat loss coefficient. In both methods, a feedback temperature control is used to establish the inlet temperature and emulate solar radiation. The FR can also be estimated using thermal modeling to estimate overall heat losses. Additionally, the heat removal factor for flat-plate solar collectors with serpentine tubes can be determined using equations that depend on operational and design variables.
How does wind chill being calculated?1 answersWind chill is calculated using various strategies and models. One approach involves the use of fuzzy set theory and a fuzzy system to determine the optimal value for lowering the perceived temperature. Another strategy involves the development of an equation to accurately determine the wind chill temperature and another equation to calculate the facial freezing time. The "new" wind chill charts adopted in the US and Canada in 2001 propose refinements such as the use of whole body models, verification of heat exchange coefficients through human experiments, and the inclusion of cold-related pain and numbness in the charts. There is a debate on whether wind chill should be calculated based on exposed skin heat transfer or whole body heat loss, with theories suggesting limitations in deriving a useful index based on heat transfer through clothing. Additionally, a wireless wind chill temperature measurement system has been developed using wireless communication devices and sensors.