What is an expectation?5 answersExpectation is a crucial component of pragmemes and refers to the anticipation of future events or outcomes. It is formed through social practice and stored in the individual's brain, guiding their understanding and behavior in an automated way. Expectations are closely linked to the speaker's intention and the hearer's interpretation in communication, and they go beyond literal utterances to include untold information according to the social use of language. In the context of desires and goals, expectations play a role in driving future observations and actions. In economics, expectations are defined as forecasts of future events that influence decision-making. In the field of surgery, expectations are dynamic and provide a framework for patients and physicians in clinical decision-making, setting the trajectory for outcomes and recovery after treatment.
What was the outcome?4 answersThe outcomes varied across the different studies. In the study by Andersson et al., the authors reported that post-endovascular aortic repair (EVAR) rupture is a rare complication that can occur at any time after the index EVAR procedure. The mortality associated with post-EVAR rupture is high, but lower than that of primary ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (rAAA). In the study by Petrenko et al., the authors found that the multi-component intervention designed to prevent secondary conditions in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) showed promising results in improving child emotional and behavioral functioning, self-esteem, and caregiver outcomes. Rickards et al. reported that a home-based program provided to preschool children with developmental disabilities resulted in sustained improvement in development and behavior 12 months after the intervention ceased. Children from highly stressed families appeared to benefit most from the intervention. Lovarini and Egan found that a home-based intervention for older people resulted in lower mortality rates at two years compared to the control group. The intervention could be a low-cost clinical tool to delay functional decline and mortality. Masár reported that the outcomes of total hip arthroplasty using a custom-made implant were excellent, good, or satisfactory in the majority of patients, with complications mainly related to aseptic loosening of the acetabulum.
What are the expected outcomes of this study?4 answersThe expected outcomes of this study include identifying the main functions provided by Inter-planetary file system (IPFS) and exploring how the construction industry can benefit from it. Additionally, the study aims to determine the theory underpinning the implementation of management accounting techniques (MATs) in Egyptian business firms, specifically the impact of driving forces on the decision to adopt MATs and the impact of supply-side factors on the level of MATs' implementation. Furthermore, the study aims to determine the expected outcomes of family medicine graduates from the viewpoints of professors, assistants, and senior managers of the health system, including occupational status, job duties, and employment outcomes. Lastly, the study aims to find learning outcomes desired by the industry for laboratories at universities, including knowing the industry environment, having an overview of the larger context, developing a working mindset/soft skills, and creating a laboratory environment where students can experiment more freely.
What‘s expected utility theory?4 answersExpected utility theory (EUT) is a quantitative framework used in decision-making under uncertainty. It helps decision-makers identify the financially most advantageous decisions based on the possible outcomes and probabilities of each outcome occurring. EUT has been implemented in civil engineering decision problems related to structural health monitoring (SHM) to optimize decision strategies. The theory has been reformulated from the viewpoint of bounded rationality, introducing probability grids and cognitive bounds to restrict permissible probabilities. EUT allows decision-makers to assign subjective values to choice options and choose the option with the highest subjective value. Compliance with the continuity axiom is necessary for the definition of numerical subjective values in EUT. The theory has also been applied to economic behavior, where assigning probability values to future uncertainty helps in decision-making.
What is an outcome of measure?5 answersAn outcome measure is a standardized way of measuring the consequences or results of research. It is used in clinical practice, service evaluation, and research to assess the effectiveness of interventions or treatments. The selection of outcome measures should be done at the research design stage and should align with the aims and objectives of the study. Outcome measures can be objective, such as tests that determine the baseline function of a patient, or subjective, based on patient experience and perception. In the field of orthopaedics, physical outcome measures like range of motion and strength are commonly used. Outcome measurement has a long history in healthcare and is important in palliative care clinical practice, providing valuable information for healthcare professionals and decision makers. In the context of celiac disease, outcome measures for diagnostic and treatment interventions include measures of intestinal function, nutrition, symptoms, health-related quality of life, and sickness burden.
What is the definition of expectations?5 answersExpectations can be defined as forecasts or predictions of future events that influence decision-making. They are a significant factor in investors' decisions and have been recognized since ancient times, as seen in the mention of economic expectations in Ancient Greece. Expectations are closely linked to goals and desires, but they have stronger properties and are more applicable in a multi-agent setting. Language and communication processes are also influenced by expectations, as they are connected to the speaker's intention and the hearer's interpretation. Expectations can have both positive and negative effects, as they can motivate and introduce positive attitudes, but they can also lead to disappointment and frustration when they are exaggerated or unmet. Expectations can arise from experienced frequencies and inferred alternatives, and they play a role in comparative judgment and preference reversals.