Why alpha t-test is 0.05?4 answersThe alpha level of 0.05 in t-tests has historical significance and empirical support. Research by Funk et al. demonstrated that the preference for a 0.05 alpha level in significance testing is rooted in psychological thresholds, as individuals tend to dismiss results as due to chance around this probability. Additionally, Bradley and Brand highlighted that a typical alpha level of 0.05 is commonly used in psychological studies to achieve desired power levels, especially for large effect sizes. Tan's work introduced the concept of a t α-test, which aims to reduce type I error rates in small-sample experiments, showing improved performance compared to traditional t-tests. Therefore, the 0.05 alpha level in t-tests is supported by both historical tradition and empirical evidence from psychological and statistical research.
What is alpha (α) in a central composite design?5 answersIn the context of a central composite design (CCD), alpha (α) plays a crucial role in determining the efficiency and space-filling properties of the design. Different varieties of CCDs, such as SCCD, RCCD, OCCD, Slope-R, and FCC, are evaluated based on optimality criteria like D, A, G, and IV-optimality. Replicating the star points in CCDs can impact the optimality criteria, with a reduction observed in D and G-optimality but not in A-optimality. The determination of α is essential for CCDs to achieve optimal efficiency in response surface modeling and optimization. Additionally, in the context of optimizing extraction techniques, α is a key factor in determining the optimal conditions for achieving desired outcomes, such as the extraction rate of alpha-mangostin.
What is AlphaFold?9 answersAlphaFold is an artificial intelligence (AI) system developed by DeepMind, designed to predict the three-dimensional (3D) structures of proteins from their amino acid sequences with remarkable accuracy. It represents a significant breakthrough in the field of computational biology, addressing one of the most challenging problems that has puzzled scientists for over 50 years. AlphaFold's ability to predict protein structures with near-experimental accuracy has been demonstrated in various studies, making it a powerful tool for advancing research in biology and medicine.
The system has been applied to a wide range of biological and medical studies, including the elucidation of viral protein structures to aid in drug design and the understanding of molecular mechanisms of viral infection. Moreover, AlphaFold's predictions have been utilized in structural biology to model complex protein assemblies, such as hemocyanins, demonstrating its utility in building accurate structural models of large oligomeric proteins. Despite its success, limitations exist, particularly in predicting metamorphic proteins that display multiple distinct folds.
AlphaFold's architecture, known as AlphaFold2 (AF2), has attracted significant attention for its potential impact on drug discovery, protein design, and the prediction of protein function. The system's predictions have also been instrumental in proposing hypotheses for the formation of protein complexes and understanding the molecular basis of certain biological processes. However, the accuracy of AlphaFold's predictions can vary, and they do not account for ligands, covalent modifications, or other environmental factors, highlighting the importance of experimental validation.
Recent advancements have extended AlphaFold's capabilities to predict the structure of complex symmetrical assemblies, significantly expanding the size and complexity of structures that can be modeled. This, combined with its integration into experimental structure determination workflows, suggests a promising future for AlphaFold in accelerating the pace of scientific discovery. Nonetheless, the continued need for experimental structural biology to validate and complement AlphaFold's predictions remains.
What is chronback alpha rule of thumb?4 answersCronbach's alpha is a measure used to assess the internal consistency reliability of a multiple item instrument. It determines if the items in the instrument are highly correlated, indicating internal consistency. The alpha value is calculated as the ratio of the true variation to the total variation.
What is Central Composite Design?5 answersCentral Composite Design (CCD) is a commonly used fractional factorial design in response surface methodology. It involves the use of center points and axial points called star points to estimate first-order and second-order terms. CCD has three basic properties: rotatable, orthogonal, and slope-rotatable. It also has four optimality criteria: D, E, A, and T. The design is created using software applications such as Minitab and Excel, which help in fitting the quadratic response polynomial and evaluating the efficiency of the design. CCD has been applied in various fields such as pharmaceutical powder milling, biodiesel production, and improving the dissolution rate of drugs. It is considered as the best property of central composite design in response surface methodology due to its efficiency and increase in efficiency as the center point increases. The concept and different types of CCD are explained in detail in literature.
What are the main alpha hydroxiacids?3 answersThe main alpha hydroxyacids (AHAs) mentioned in the abstracts are glycolic acid (GA), lactic acid, tartaric acid (TA), and gluconolactone (GLU).