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The extent of doping suggested by the latter is significantly higher than that found in the official statistics.
We maintain that the evolution of doping supply mirrors the evolution of doping use; whereas doping was previously the result of a socialization process, and PIED suppliers were a cultural product, consumption is now often a secretive practice and “social suppliers” are no longer prepared to take risks in (openly) supplying doping products.
It is partly related to the doping level, d...
It is suggested, competitions of doping-endangered disciplines be redesigned.
Because a firm theoretical or empirical understanding of doping does not exist, this article proposes a conceptual, comprehensive, and innovative systemic model of doping behavior.
We argue that a growing body of evidence indicates that anti-doping regulation under the World Anti-Doping Agency is sometimes arbitrary and too often not grounded in a solid foundation of evidence.
Against the backdrop of an increasing use of the term ‘doping’ in circumstances other than the classical understanding, this theoretic article provides a new and comprehensive inter-disciplinary reflection of the doping concept.
Due to numerous structural similarities between the policy of anti-doping and UEFA’s intended policy to fight financial doping, in particular the latter may learn from former experiences.