What are the fluxes of methane in the sediment in polar ocean?5 answersMethane fluxes in polar ocean sediments vary significantly based on different processes. Studies in the Arctic regions like Storfjordrenna and South-Western Barents Sea show that methane transport occurs through gaseous and aqueous phases, with active seepage stages leading to gas hydrate formation and vigorous gas discharge. Latent heat polynyas in polar shelves, such as in Storfjorden, can induce methane release from sediments, resulting in excess methane concentrations in surface water during winter, with subsequent sea-air fluxes when open water is present. Additionally, measurements in regions like the Laptev Sea and Novaya Zemlya Archipelago indicate oversaturated methane concentrations in surface water, leading to methane fluxes towards the atmosphere. These findings highlight the complex dynamics of methane fluxes in polar ocean sediments influenced by various environmental factors.
What are the fluxes of methane in the sediment in ocean?4 answersThe fluxes of methane in ocean sediments are significant, with estimates indicating that 45–61 Tg of methane are oxidized annually with sulfate, predominantly in continental shelf sediments. The Sulfate-Methane Transition Zone (SMTZ) plays a crucial role in consuming diffusive methane fluxes, with methane and sulfate entering the SMTZ at rates of 3.8 Tmol yr-1 and 5.3 Tmol yr-1, respectively. Rapid sediment accumulation in coastal areas can limit methane removal efficiency, leading to high diffusive methane effluxes into the water column. In the Bohai Sea, sediment was found to have methane concentrations 2 to 3 orders of magnitude higher than overlying seawater, with a net emission rate of 2.45 μmol/(m2∙day) at the sediment-water interface. Seasonal variations and environmental factors like temperature and eutrophication influence benthic methane fluxes in coastal sediments, with rates varying significantly over time.
Ethane production from ethanol?5 answersEthane production from ethanol can occur through various processes. Methanosarcina species have been found to convert ethanol to ethane, with ethane production varying based on ethanol concentrations and growth conditions. Additionally, catalytic tests have shown that vanadium and molybdenum oxides can catalyze the formation of ethane from ethanol, along with acetaldehyde, in a one-step process involving hydrogen transfer reactions. Furthermore, the industrial production of ethanol from acetic acid has been achieved through a method involving the reaction of acetic acid and hydrogen over a composite bed catalyst, resulting in the generation of ethanol and water. These findings highlight the diverse pathways through which ethane can be produced from ethanol, involving microbial processes and catalytic conversions.
How does methane contribute to greenhouse gas emissions or global warming and climate change?5 answersMethane is a potent greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming and climate change. It is the second most abundant greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide (CO2) and has a global warming potential 25 times greater than CO2 over a 100-year timeframe. Methane is emitted from various sources, including the production and transport of fossil fuels, livestock and agricultural practices, and the decay of organic waste. The increase in atmospheric methane concentrations, which have more than doubled since the Industrial Revolution, is primarily due to human activities. Methane emissions have a significant impact on the enhanced greenhouse effect, accounting for about 15-20% of the effect, and contribute to about one-third of today's anthropogenic warming. Changes in temperature, precipitation, and net primary production can further amplify methane emissions from natural sources and anthropogenic sectors. However, the influence of human-induced methane emissions on the climate is relatively small compared to natural processes, such as the circulation of water vapor.
How much energy is required for sublimation of ice?5 answersThe energy required for the sublimation of ice depends on the temperature. At temperatures below 130 K, the sublimation of ice is unlikely below 50 K and impossible below 23 K. The energy of sublimation for different types of ice, including condensed, bulk, single crystal, and snow ice, is approximately 12.0 +/- 1.4 kcal/mol between 136 and 210 K. The sublimation of ice can be influenced by factors such as radiation forces and ice morphology. The sublimation of ice is also affected by the presence of other dynamical effects, such as radiation forces and ice sublimation, which can result in a flat radial profile of the dust flux beyond the sublimation zone.
What is the reaction of hydrocarbon and concentrated H2SO4 in ice bath?5 answersThe reaction of a hydrocarbon and concentrated H2SO4 in an ice bath was not directly addressed in the provided abstracts. However, one paper discussed the effects of sulphuric acid on ice single crystals. It was found that sulphuric acid dramatically decreases both the peak stress and the subsequent flow stress of ice single crystals at all strain rates. This suggests that the presence of concentrated H2SO4 in an ice bath could potentially affect the behavior of the hydrocarbon being reacted. Further research would be needed to determine the specific reaction between a hydrocarbon and concentrated H2SO4 in an ice bath.