What is genetic diversity in animals and insect?4 answersGenetic diversity in animals and insects refers to the variability in DNA sequences among individuals within species, which is crucial for adaptation, survival, and evolutionary success. This diversity can be assessed using molecular techniques like DNA-based markers, enabling the study of population structures and genetic architectures in various species. Genetic diversity plays a vital role in natural and artificial selection, aiding in improved performance, adaptation, and the elimination of genetic defects. Studies on arthropods have revealed insights into gene and protein evolution, DNA methylation patterns, and their correlation with phenotypic adaptations like flight, metamorphosis, and social behavior. Furthermore, genetic diversity in animals is influenced by ecological strategies, with species traits like parental investment impacting the overall genetic variability.
Is curved wing shape recessive?5 answersYes, curved wing shape can be recessive in certain species. In the mosquito Aedes togoi, a recessive mutant called curved wing (c) has been identified and shown to be linked to the yellow larva (y) allele. Additionally, in Drosophila melanogaster, intralocus sexual conflict was eliminated by limiting chromosome transmission to males, leading to the evolution of masculinized wing morphology in both sexes. These findings suggest that the expression of curved wing shape can be influenced by genetic factors and may exhibit recessive traits in specific genetic contexts. Therefore, the presence of curved wing shape as a recessive trait can vary depending on the species and genetic mechanisms involved.
What are the different types of vertical inheritance?5 answersVertical inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic information from parent to offspring in a direct line of descent. In the context of evolution, there are different types of vertical inheritance. One view is based on the vertical inheritance of genes encoding ribosomes, which leads to the classification of three superkingdoms: Archaea, Eubacteria, and Eukarya. Another type of vertical inheritance is observed in systems of inheritance and succession, where property or office is passed lineally to offspring. In the case of natural product biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs), vertical inheritance plays a significant role in maintaining BGC diversity over evolutionary timescales. Additionally, in the study of hybrids of winter barley, genetic analysis is used to understand the inheritance patterns of specific traits. Therefore, vertical inheritance can be observed in various contexts, including evolution, inheritance and succession, and genetic analysis.
Why there is no limb dominance in plantar flexion?3 answersLimb dominance does not appear to have an effect on plantar flexion. Studies have shown that there is no significant difference in strength between the dominant and non-dominant leg in plantar flexion. Additionally, the stiffness of the thoracolumbar fascia and erector spinae, as well as the gastrocnemius muscle, does not differ between the dominant and non-dominant sides. Furthermore, there are no significant differences in the kinematic or kinetic patterns of the dominant and non-dominant lower extremities during overground running. These findings suggest that limb dominance does not play a significant role in plantar flexion or lower extremity mechanics.
Are there any polymorphisms associated with dominance hierarchies in social insects?5 answersPolymorphisms associated with dominance hierarchies in social insects have been studied. In the bumble bee Bombus terrestris, the gene Kruppel homologue 1 (Kr-h1) has been found to mediate the influence of juvenile hormone (JH) on dominance behavior. Dominance hierarchies in eusocial insects, such as paper wasps and ponerine ants, have been shown to emerge as a self-organizing process through individual memory and local behavioral interactions. The genetics of behavior have been considered important for understanding conflicts within insect societies, including epigenetic modifications and natural polymorphisms of social organization. In the ant Leptothorax acervorum, a polymorphism in social organization has been identified, with some populations exhibiting polygyny and others exhibiting functional monogyny, suggesting a genetic basis for the polymorphism. Dominance-subordinate interactions in primitively eusocial wasps have been studied using a modified version of the index of fighting success.
How did the wing structure of pterodactyls relate to their flight?5 answersThe wing structure of pterodactyls was influenced by various factors related to flight. Pterosaurs had a soft-tissue membranous flight surface, which is rarely preserved in the fossil record. The wings consisted of a narrow wing membrane primarily supported by the forelimb, attaching to the side of the body and the hindlimb. The function of the structural fibers in the wing membrane was to spread the patagium chordwise, redirect spanwise tension, and permit compact folding. The principles of pterosaurs' flight had to be reconstructed using paleontological data on their wing morphology and evolution. The mechanical characteristics of the wing skin played an important role in determining the aerodynamic characteristics of the wing. The wing structure of pterodactyls allowed them to have a specialized structure for flight, with a large wing span relative to their body size.