What is biomechanics in human factors concerned with?4 answersBiomechanics in human factors is concerned with evaluating injury accidents, environmental design, hazard management, and other relevant issues to develop opinions. It assesses human performance in sports and ergonomics, focusing on musculoskeletal disorders related to physical activity. Biomechanics studies the structure and function of biological systems, including the forces that act on the human body and the movement of living things. It is applied in orthopedic industry to design implants for human joints and other medical purposes, with bio-tribology playing a vital role. Biomechanics is also used to study human musculoskeletal systems, utilizing force platforms, infrared videography, and electromyography to investigate muscle responses to external forces and perturbations. Biomechanics plays an important role in understanding the fundamental principles of human motion and has a long history, with contributions from ancient philosophers, scientists, and modern researchers. It helps in studying disease etiology, making treatment decisions, and evaluating treatment effects through motion analysis of human movement.
What is the mechanism behind migraine?5 answersMigraine is a complex neurovascular pain disorder with various mechanisms involved. The trigeminal nerve, which innervates the meninges, plays a crucial role in migraine. Interactions between trigeminal afferents, neuropeptides, and meningeal cells cause neurogenic inflammation, a target for migraine therapies. Migraine attacks involve specific neural mechanisms and symptoms during different phases. Genetic and epigenetic factors, inflammatory processes, and central sensitization may contribute to the transformation of episodic to chronic migraine. The cerebral cortex has been found to play a pivotal role in the initiation, propagation, and termination of migraine attacks. Long-term plasticity of synaptic transmission in the cortex is believed to encode migraine. The trigeminovascular system, activation of the trigeminal nucleus caudalis, and release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) are also implicated in migraine. Monoclonal antibodies against CGRP or the CGRP receptor have emerged as promising targets for migraine therapy.
What are the biomechanical and sensory mechanisms of stretching?5 answersBiomechanical and sensory mechanisms of stretching involve the detection and conversion of mechanical forces into biochemical signals by cells. Proteins play a crucial role in mechanosensing, undergoing deformations and reorganizations in response to external forces. Super-resolution microscopy and single-protein tracking have been used to explore nanoscale deformations and reorganizations of individual proteins within mechanosensitive structures. Protein unfolding and catch-bond formation are important components in force and displacement sensing. In cardiomyocytes, changes in stretch are sensed by Z disc elements, which are involved in cardiac adaptation and disease. In plants, mechanosensors include mechanosensitive channels and intracellular filamentous structures, which trigger intracellular signaling pathways and gene expression in response to mechanical stimuli. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for tissue homeostasis, survival, and differentiation.
What is the biomechanics of running?5 answersThe biomechanics of running refers to the study of the structure, function, and capabilities of the lower extremities and overall kinetic chain that enable humans to run. It involves analyzing the motion characteristics, such as position, velocity, acceleration, and force applied during the running gait cycle. Running biomechanics can be assessed using various techniques, including motion analysis, force plate analysis, and electromyography. Biomechanical parameters, such as spatiotemporal parameters, speed, ground reaction force, and whole-body kinematics, are measured to understand different running styles and their interdependencies. Running with boots, for example, has been found to alter running biomechanics by affecting gait variables, lower limb joint kinematics, and moments at different phases of running. Understanding the biomechanics of running is crucial for diagnosing and treating running-related injuries, as it helps identify abnormal anatomy and biomechanics that may contribute to these injuries.
What is the role of the osso navicular equino in the horse's foot?4 answersThe osso navicular equino, also known as the navicular bone, plays a crucial role in the horse's foot. It is a small, boat-shaped bone located in the hoof region. The navicular bone is involved in the support and movement of the horse's foot, particularly in relation to the deep flexor tendon (DFT) and the coffin joint. It is also associated with conditions such as navicular disease, which causes lameness in horses. Studies have shown that the morphology of the navicular bone can affect the biomechanics of the foot and contribute to the development of navicular disease. Understanding the role and morphology of the navicular bone is important for managing and preventing this condition in horses.
What is the importance of hoof trimming in horses?4 answersHoof trimming is important for the well-being and biomechanics of horses. It has been shown to increase vertical force and contact pressure, while decreasing stance-phase duration, swing-phase duration, and gait-cycle duration. Proper hoof care in the early stages of a horse's life is crucial for its development and long-term soundness. Hoof care is necessary because wear and growth of hooves are rarely in perfect equilibrium, and conformation defects can affect the shape of the hoof. Addressing even minor imbalances and changes in the hoof capsule is important to prevent them from worsening and impacting the horse's performance. Increasing the frequency of hoof trimming can decrease the incidence of hoof lesions. However, there is a need for more research to support specific techniques and to address knowledge gaps in timing and frequency of hoof trimming.