What is the oxidation modification in Bacteria cellulose?4 answersOxidation modification in bacterial cellulose involves the covalent immobilization of biomolecules, enhancing its functionality. Various methods like NaIO4 oxidation have been optimized to create dialdehyde derivatives of bacterial cellulose films, enabling the immobilization of enzymes like pepsin and β-galactosidase. Additionally, surface modifications using oxygen plasma and silanization with TCMS have been employed to enhance hydrophobicity, without compromising the film structure, making it suitable for diverse applications. The oxidation process alters the cellulose structure, affecting properties like crystallinity, tensile strength, and thermal stability, while also impacting the enzymatic activity of immobilized enzymes. Moreover, the degree of oxidation influences the water absorption capacity and hydrolytic stability of the modified bacterial cellulose films.
What are uses of carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals?5 answersCarboxylated cellulose nanocrystals (Car-CNCs) have diverse applications due to their unique properties. They are utilized in stabilizing Pickering emulsions, offering thermal stability, and enabling large-scale production. Furthermore, when coated with cationic poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride), cCNCs exhibit antibacterial properties, particularly against Gram-positive bacteria, making them potential candidates for antibacterial surfaces. Carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals can also self-assemble into mesophases capable of depolarizing both linearly and circularly polarized light, showcasing potential for optical applications and encrypted patterning. In polymer nanocomposites, cCNCs enhance adhesive properties significantly without the need for sonication, displaying improved mechanical enhancements due to their strong self-interactions and nanofiber-like behavior. Overall, Car-CNCs demonstrate versatility in various fields ranging from emulsions and antibacterial applications to optical elements and nanocomposites.
What are the main method of incorporation of metal nanoparticles in a cellulosic matrix?5 answersThe main methods of incorporating metal nanoparticles in a cellulosic matrix include co-precipitation, chemical synthesis, and functionalization. Co-precipitation is utilized to synthesize magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles and incorporate them onto chemically purified cellulose and cellulose nanocrystals. Chemical methods, such as using NaBH4 and H2O2, are successful in synthesizing silver nanoparticles with various shapes, impacting the color of the colloid. Functionalization involves covalently modifying cellulose nanoparticles with multi-functional ligands to enhance adsorption properties for metal ion extraction, as demonstrated in the synthesis of cellulose nanoparticles functionalized for the simultaneous extraction of Pb(II), Cd(II), and Cu(II) from various samples. These methods showcase the versatility and potential of incorporating metal nanoparticles into cellulosic matrices for various applications.
What are the common chemical modifications used to enhance the properties of nitrocellulose?5 answersChemical modifications commonly used to enhance nitrocellulose properties include grafting sodium carboxymethyl groups to improve thermal stability and flame suppression without migration. Another method involves AB-type click polymerization, incorporating azide and alkyne groups for enhanced flexibility, transparency, and hydrophobicity, suitable for applications like solar cells and leather coatings. Additionally, plasma modification with methacrylic acid followed by CMC spraying creates a carboxyl-rich surface for protein immobilization, improving hydrophilicity and protein loading capacity for immunochromatography. Nitrogen-modified biopolyphenols, such as lignin and tannin, have also shown promise as fire retardants for cellulosic fibers, reducing heat release rates and improving fire-retarding properties. These diverse modifications offer a range of benefits for various applications of nitrocellulose.
How to extract nanocellulose from biomass?4 answersNanocellulose can be extracted from biomass using various methods. One approach involves alkaline treatment and chlorine-free bleaching to isolate cellulose and nanocellulose from plants such as Ailanthus altissima. Another method involves alkali treatment with NaOH and bleaching with sodium chlorite to remove lignin and hemicellulose, followed by treatment with ionic liquid to obtain nanocellulose. Microorganisms can also be used to enhance the yield and properties of nanocellulose, offering advantages such as lower energy consumption and reduced production costs. Additionally, residual biomasses from agro-industries like soybean hulls and sugarcane bagasse can be delignified and subjected to acid hydrolysis to obtain nanocellulose. Coconut husks can also be used as a raw material for nanocellulose extraction through sulfuric acid hydrolysis. These methods demonstrate different approaches to extract nanocellulose from biomass, providing opportunities for sustainable and eco-friendly production.
What are the latest advances in the synthesis of nanocellulose-based polymer composites?5 answersRecent advances in the synthesis of nanocellulose-based polymer composites have been focused on various aspects. One area of research has been the modification of nanocellulose surface chemistry to impart advanced properties, such as biocompatibility and mechanical strength. Another area of advancement is the use of dimeric imidazolium ionic liquids for the functionalization of nanocellulose, resulting in polymer composites with excellent strength characteristics and increased flexibility. Additionally, there have been developments in the manufacturing processes of nanocellulose composites, including solvent-assisted mixing, emulsification, coating, casting, preform impregnation, and 3D printing. These nanocellulose composites have found applications in various domains, such as protective coatings, diffusion barrier composites, films for packaging and encapsulation, composite hydrogels for biomedical applications, and membranes for battery technologies. Overall, the latest advances in the synthesis of nanocellulose-based polymer composites have focused on improving their properties and expanding their applications in different fields.