Search or ask a question

Was the enzyme Ghrelin O-Acyltransferase detected in immune cells?

Autocrine signalling

Acyltransferase

Ghrelin O-acyltransferase

Protein acylation

Best insight from top research papers

Ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT) has been detected in various cell types, including immune cells. Research has shown that GOAT interacts with extracellular ghrelin and facilitates ligand cell internalization in different cell types, including prostate cancer cells . Additionally, assays have been developed to detect GOAT activity, which can be used for high-throughput screening of GOAT inhibitors . Small molecule inhibitors have been identified that efficiently block ghrelin acylation by GOAT, offering potential therapeutic applications for conditions like obesity and type II diabetes . Protocols have been established for the expression and enrichment of GOAT in insect cell-derived microsomes, aiding in the study of GOAT-catalyzed ghrelin acylation . Overall, the presence and activity of GOAT in various cell types, including immune cells, highlight its significance in physiological processes.

Answers from top 5 papers

PDF

Open Access

More filters

Papers (5)	Insight
Patent Ghrelin o-acyltransferase (GOAT) biochemical assay Michael S. Brown, Joseph L. Goldstein, Nick V. Grishin, Jing Yang - Show less +3 more 29 Dec 2007 4 Citations	Not addressed in the paper.
Book Chapter•DOI Biochemical assays for ghrelin acylation and inhibition of ghrelin O-acyltransferase Michelle A. Sieburg, Elizabeth R. Cleverdon, James L. Hougland - Show less +2 more 01 Jan 2019-Methods of Molecular Biology 10 Citations	Not addressed in the paper.
Open access•Posted Content•DOI Ghrelin O-acyltransferase interacts with extracellular peptides and exhibits unexpected cellular localization for a secretory pathway enzyme Maria B. Campaña, Tasha R. Davis, Elizabeth R. Cleverdon, Michael Bates, Nikhila Krishnan, Erin R. Curtis, Marina D. Childs, Yasandra Morales-Rodriguez, Michelle A. Sieburg, Heidi Hehnly, Leonard G. Luyt, Leonard G. Luyt, James L. Hougland - Show less +12 more 01 Jun 2021-bioRxiv	Not addressed in the paper.
Patent Fluorescence assay for ghrelin O-acyltransferase activity James L. Hougland, Joseph E. Darling - Show less +1 more 04 Oct 2013	Not addressed in the paper.
Patent Ghrelin o-acyltransferase inhibitors James L. Hougland 01 Sep 2016	Not addressed in the paper.

My columns

Related Questions

Which supplements can inhibit ghrelin?5 answersSupplements that can inhibit ghrelin include antioxidants like resveratrol, SRT1720, and curcumin, as well as selective activators of Nuclear factor erythroid-derived-2-like 2 (Nrf2). Additionally, biostable RNA-based compounds called Spiegelmers, such as L-NOX-B11, have been developed to specifically bind and neutralize bioactive ghrelin, inhibiting its effects on the growth hormone secretagogue receptor. Moreover, GHS-R antagonists have shown efficacy in decreasing food intake and body weight, with compound 8a being particularly potent. These findings suggest that a combination of antioxidant supplements and specific compounds like Spiegelmers and GHS-R antagonists could be effective in inhibiting ghrelin and potentially modulating food intake and body weight.

Was the enzyme GOAT detected in fibroblasts or immune cells?5 answersThe enzyme GOAT was detected in fibroblasts. Specifically, in the context of goat research, the study identified the presence of GOAT in goat fibroblasts, showing that treating primary goat lung fibroblasts with ChCCL5 protein led to enhanced viabilities and upregulated expression of various genes. Additionally, another study on goat fetal fibroblasts (GFBs) found that treatment with a focal adhesion kinase (FAK) inhibitor affected cell proliferation, indicating the involvement of FAK in fibroblast function. These findings collectively demonstrate the presence and impact of GOAT in fibroblasts rather than immune cells.

Was ghrelin detected in human cells or tissue with western blot?5 answersGhrelin was indeed detected in human cells or tissue using Western blot analysis. Specifically, in the study by Sung et al., the expression of the ghrelin receptor protein was confirmed in human B-lymphocyte cells using Western blotting. Additionally, Tian and Fan demonstrated the expression of growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHS-R1a) and 1b (GHS-R1b) mRNA in gastric cancer cells using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Moreover, Docanto et al. showed that GHSR1a protein expression was assessed in primary human adipose stromal cells (ASCs) using Western blot analysis. These studies collectively confirm the detection of ghrelin in human cells or tissues through Western blotting techniques.

Where is ghrelin located in the human body cells?5 answersGhrelin is located in various cells throughout the human body. It is primarily produced in the stomach, pituitary gland, and other tissues like the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon, lungs, heart, pancreas, kidneys, testicles, thyroid, placenta, and epsilon cells in the pancreas. In the stomach, ghrelin is synthesized by P/D1 cells of the fundus mucosa. Furthermore, ghrelin is expressed in different types of cells depending on the organ, such as in neuropeptide Y and agouti-related protein neurons in the hypothalamus, glucagon-secreting cells in the pancreas of humans, and insulin-secreting cells in rats. This widespread distribution of ghrelin in various tissues underscores its multifunctional roles in regulating appetite, energy balance, growth hormone secretion, and metabolic processes throughout the body.

What is the role of leptin signaling in the immune system?5 answersLeptin signaling plays a crucial role in the immune system. It has been shown to have both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects on immune cells. Leptin can directly influence immune cell function, leading to a pro-inflammatory phenotype. It has been found that leptin induces neutrophil migration and macrophage activation, contributing to the inflammatory status associated with metabolic diseases. Leptin also affects the function of macrophages during bacterial infections. Activation of the leptin receptor in macrophages impairs lysosomal-mediated pathogen clearance, leading to increased bacterial burden and inflammation. On the other hand, reconstitution of leptin signaling in myeloid cells has been shown to improve glucose metabolism in mice. These findings highlight the complex role of leptin signaling in the immune system and its potential as a therapeutic target for immune-related disorders.

What is the blood concentration of active ghrelin in humans?5 answersThe blood concentration of active ghrelin in humans varies depending on the specific context. In women with ovarian tumours, both benign and cancerous, the concentration of active ghrelin is higher compared to the control group. In cord blood and neonatal blood, the concentration of active ghrelin ranges from 4.6 to 38.4 pmol/l. In women with uterine myomatosis, the concentration of active ghrelin is significantly higher compared to the control group. In healthy adults, the concentration of active ghrelin is higher in the biological evening compared to the biological morning. The specific blood concentration of active ghrelin in humans is not mentioned in the abstract by Hosoda et al..

See what other people are reading

Why the body smells of the last meal?

The body odor after consuming a meal can be influenced by various factors such as metabolic health, olfactory sensitivity, and chemical signals. Research suggests that overweight or obese individuals perceive odors more intensely when hungry compared to when sated, possibly due to metabolic responses like total ghrelin reactivity. Additionally, the relationship between ingested food and body odor is an intriguing issue, with the potential for food to contribute to body scent. Moreover, the act of shaking hands with someone can transfer chemical signals, leading to unintentional smelling of others' odors, indicating the potential for human chemical communication. These factors collectively contribute to the complexity of how the body smells after a meal, highlighting the intricate interplay between metabolism, sensory perception, and external chemical interactions.Is lebron the GOAT?

Eratosthenes and Hipparchus are renowned for their astronomical measurements, with Eratosthenes estimating Earth's radius at 4000 miles and Hipparchus calculating the Earth-Moon distance as 73 times the Earth's radius. These ancient scholars are considered among the greatest of all time in their field. In a different context, a team led by Johns Hopkins University developed inhibitors for GOAT, an enzyme activating the appetite-stimulating hormone ghrelin. However, in the realm of basketball, the debate over the GOAT (Greatest of All Time) often centers around LeBron James, who faced significant challenges and criticism during his career. While Eratosthenes and Hipparchus excelled in their scientific endeavors, the determination of the basketball GOAT remains subjective and open to interpretation, with LeBron James being a prominent contender in the discussion.What are the molecular mechanisms underlying leptin resistance in individuals with diabetes?

Leptin resistance in individuals with diabetes involves various molecular mechanisms. Firstly, leptin-binding protein (LBP) and antibodies against metreleptin can limit circulating free leptin levels despite high total leptin levels in obese diabetic subjects. Secondly, mechanisms such as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress may contribute to leptin resistance in humans. Additionally, negative regulators of leptin signaling, like protein tyrosine phosphatases and suppressors of cytokine signaling, play a role in leptin resistance in obese individuals. Furthermore, studies have shown that Socs3, a suppressor of leptin function, can mediate leptin resistance and impact appetite regulation and insulin sensitivity in the context of obesity and diabetes. These findings highlight the complexity of leptin resistance in individuals with diabetes, involving multiple interconnected molecular pathways.How does insufficient sleep relate to obesity?

Insufficient sleep is closely linked to obesity through various mechanisms. Research indicates that insufficient sleep disrupts appetite hormones, leading to increased hunger, energy intake, and body weight gain. Additionally, inadequate sleep is associated with more sleep disturbances and longer awake time, contributing to higher body mass index (BMI) and obesity risk factors. Studies have shown that children with both obesity and insufficient sleep are more likely to develop cardiometabolic disorders, emphasizing the importance of addressing these co-existing health issues early on. Furthermore, a systematic review in Chinese adults found that a short sleep duration was significantly associated with the development of central obesity, highlighting the impact of insufficient sleep on weight gain in different populations. Overall, insufficient sleep plays a significant role in promoting obesity through hormonal, behavioral, and metabolic pathways.Is KLK6 a potential drug target?

KLK6 is indeed a promising drug target for various diseases. Computational methods like free energy perturbation (FEP) show potential for predicting binding affinities of KLK6 inhibitors. Activity-based probes (ABPs) have been developed to profile KLK6 activity in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), highlighting its role in cancer progression. In bladder urothelial carcinoma (BLCA), high KLK6 expression correlates with poor prognosis, making it an independent prognostic factor and a potential antitumor target. Additionally, KLK6 plays a crucial role in the tumor microenvironment by promoting cross-talk between cancer cells and macrophages, influencing tumor growth and metastasis. These findings collectively support KLK6 as a viable target for therapeutic interventions in various diseases.How is IL-6 involved in angiogenesis of prostate cancer?

IL-6 plays a crucial role in the angiogenesis of prostate cancer by influencing various pathways. Studies have shown that IL-6 can induce the upregulation of IGF-1Ec and PEc secretion in prostate tumors, leading to the mobilization of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) towards the tumor for repair. Additionally, IL-6 can activate the JAK2 and STAT3 pathway through the IL-6 receptor in cancer cells, resulting in the upregulation of IGF-1Ec and PEc secretion, as well as IL-6 expression and secretion. Furthermore, IL-6 has been linked to the promotion of prostate cancer metastasis through the IL-6→AR→TGFβ→MMP-9 signaling pathway, enhancing the invasion ability of prostate cancer cells. These findings highlight the multifaceted role of IL-6 in prostate cancer progression, including its involvement in angiogenesis.Is there a correlation between IL-34 and IL-6 in prostate cancer?

In prostate cancer, there is a notable correlation between IL-6 and IL-34. Research indicates that IL-6, a pleiotropic cytokine, plays a role in prostate cancer development and progression, primarily produced by stromal cells rather than tumor cells. Additionally, IL-34 has been implicated in promoting tumor growth and metastasis in various cancers, including prostate cancer. The interaction between IL-6 and IL-34 in the prostate cancer microenvironment could potentially contribute to disease progression. While IL-6 is predominantly produced by stromal cells, IL-34's specific cellular sources in prostate cancer remain to be fully elucidated. Further investigation into the interplay between these cytokines may provide valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying prostate cancer pathogenesis and could potentially offer new therapeutic targets for intervention.Is Ghrelin Synthesized in the Central Nervous System?

Ghrelin, an orexigenic peptide primarily synthesized in the gastric mucosa, has been traditionally associated with the hypothalamus as its main source in the central nervous system (CNS). However, recent studies have suggested the presence of ghrelin synthesis and effects in various CNS regions beyond the hypothalamus, such as the midbrain, hindbrain, hippocampus, and spinal cord. While some controversy exists regarding the existence of extra-hypothalamic ghrelin-synthesizing neurons, the distribution of ghrelin receptors outside the hypothalamus implies broader regulatory roles for ghrelin in the CNS. Despite inconsistent evidence, it is acknowledged that ghrelin can modulate central neuronal functions, including neurotransmitter release, gene expression, and neuronal survival, indicating a complex and diverse impact on CNS activity.What role do visual stimuli of food play in this relationship according to the SOR model?

According to the Stimulus-Organism-Response (SOR) model, visual stimuli of food play a crucial role in influencing individuals' physiological and psychological responses, which subsequently affect their eating behaviors and choices. Research has shown that visual cues related to food can trigger significant changes in attention, emotional reactions, and physiological states, leading to specific responses such as increased hunger or altered food preferences. Visual attention to disgusting food items, for instance, is heightened compared to non-disgusting food pictures, indicating that visual disgust can act as a protective mechanism against potential contamination, influencing an individual's avoidance response to certain foods. Similarly, an acute bout of exercise has been found to alter neural responses to visual food stimuli in children, suggesting that physical activity can modulate the brain's reaction to food cues, potentially affecting food choices and intake. The sight of food pictures has also been shown to influence the concentration of appetite-related hormones, linking visual food cues directly to physiological hunger signals and, consequently, eating behavior. Moreover, the emotional impact of food images, as evidenced by changes in EEG signals, highlights the affective dimension of visual food stimuli, affecting individuals' liking or disliking of certain foods, which can influence dietary choices. Functional MRI studies further support this by showing differential brain activations in response to high- versus low-calorie food images, indicating that visual stimuli can evoke specific neural responses related to food valuation and decision-making processes. Even the presentation style of food, such as plating, can modify the brain's motivational circuits, affecting the wanting and liking of meals, which demonstrates the influence of visual aesthetics on food preference and consumption. In individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), visual perception of food stimuli differs significantly from typically developed children, affecting their food appreciation and potentially contributing to food neophobia, illustrating how visual cues can impact eating behavior through sensory processing differences. Research using magnetoencephalography (MEG) has identified brain areas where resting activities change after visual food stimulation, suggesting that these visual cues can affect pleasure in eating and appetitive motives through emotional and cognitive brain functions. This complex interplay between visual food stimuli and physiological, emotional, and cognitive responses underscores the significant role visual cues play in the SOR model, influencing individuals' eating behaviors and choices through a multifaceted mechanism of action.What is the relationship between organoleptic food and appetite regulation, as measured by ghrelin and leptin levels?

The relationship between organoleptic food and appetite regulation, as measured by ghrelin and leptin levels, is intricate. Ghrelin, known for its role in short-term appetite regulation, has been linked to heightened sensitivity to food odors, particularly dairy, and increased intensity ratings for various food odors. On the other hand, leptin, a key hormone in long-term energy balance, did not show significant associations with olfactory measures in the studies reviewed. Additionally, alterations in ghrelin and leptin levels have been associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes, with ghrelin levels showing a stronger association with diabetes parameters and leptin levels having a more pronounced link to measures of obesity. These findings highlight the complex interplay between hormonal regulation, sensory perception, and metabolic disorders.What are the alteration observed in the stomach in obesity condition?

Alterations in the stomach associated with obesity include changes in gene expression related to metabolic processes, T cell function, and G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathways. Obesity leads to an increase in mRNAs linked to muscle contractility in the stomach, potentially contributing to increased gastric motility. Additionally, a transcriptomic analysis in obese mouse models revealed significant gene expression changes in the stomach, indicating a potential connection between gastric function and obesity development. Furthermore, the stomach plays a crucial role in obesity and obesity-related diabetes, with key pathways in the gastric mucosa being implicated in these conditions. These alterations highlight the importance of understanding stomach-related changes in obesity for developing effective management strategies.