What are the biosensors for protein detections?5 answersBiosensors for protein detection include optical fiber sensors, CRISPR/Cas-based biosensors, graphene-based biosensors, and aptasensors. Optical fiber sensors offer high sensitivity, miniaturization, and remote monitoring capabilities. CRISPR/Cas-based biosensors have been explored for gene editing and biosensing, and they improve the sensitivity and specificity of protein detection. Graphene-based biosensors utilize graphene as a sensing platform and can detect nucleic acids and proteins. Aptasensors, which use aptamers as the sensing element, have been developed for virus detection and can detect different target proteins of viruses. These biosensors employ various detection mechanisms such as intensity-modulation, phase-modulation, scattering, fluorescence, colorimetry, fluorescence assay, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), electrochemical detection, and field-effect transistor (FET). The development of biosensors for protein detection is driven by the need for accurate early diagnosis of viruses and advancements in healthcare diagnostics.
How does paddy soil affect methylmercury concentration ?5 answersPaddy soil has been found to have a significant impact on methylmercury (MeHg) concentration. The addition of microplastics (MPs) to paddy soils has been shown to increase MeHg production, potentially due to higher Hg methylation potential in the plastisphere compared to the bulk soil. Sulfur input in paddy soils has been found to affect Hg transformation processes, including methylation and demethylation, and influence HgII methylation by affecting the microbial community structure. The plant microbiota in the rice rhizosphere has been observed to alter MeHg production, with Hg gradients impacting the niche-sharing of taxa significantly related to MeHg/THg. Algae-derived organic matter (AOM) has been found to promote MeHg production and accumulation in Hg-contaminated paddy soils by creating a favorable soil dissolved organic matter (DOM) variation and providing more microbial electron donors and receptors. Biochar application in paddy soil has been shown to increase MeHg production but decrease the dissolved and available MeHg, as well as inhibit MeHg accumulation in paddy rice.
What are the most promising new technologies for methylmercury sensors?4 answersThe most promising new technologies for methylmercury sensors include anodic stripping voltammetry at a gold film electrode, therapeutic monitoring of hair mercury, and the use of whole cells of a broad-spectrum mercury-resistant bacterium for biological degradation of methylmercury. Anodic stripping voltammetry at a gold film electrode offers a novel procedure for trace methylmercury determinations with a linear calibration graph and a low detection limit. Therapeutic monitoring of hair mercury can help protect babies from long-term adverse effects of maternal exposure to methylmercury. The use of whole cells of a mercury-resistant bacterium allows for the determination of methylmercury in biological samples through biological degradation to methane. These technologies offer promising approaches for the detection and monitoring of methylmercury in various contexts.
What are the most promising biosensors for antibiotics?5 answersFluorescent nanomaterials such as metallic nanoparticles, upconversion nanoparticles, quantum dots, carbon-based nanomaterials, and metal-organic frameworks are promising materials for developing biosensors for antibiotics detection in food products. Quantum dots (QDs) are regarded as an ideal material for antibiotic detection biosensors due to their low cost, good sensitivity, excellent stability, and fast response. Whole-cell biosensors, specifically those based on the peptidoglycan (PG) stress response, show great potential for the detection of antibiotics targeting PG synthesis. Biosensors, including those based on nanomaterials, have been widely applied for the detection of antibiotics residues in food samples due to their high sensitivity, rapid response, easy miniaturization, and low price. A low-cost and portable paper strip biosensor has also been developed for the detection of tetracycline antibiotics, which provides a simple and economical solution for on-site monitoring of tetracyclines in environmental samples.
What are Biosensors?3 answersBiosensors are biomedical devices that detect biological, chemical, or biochemical components by converting signals into electrical signals using physical or chemical transducers and biorecognition elements. They are used in various fields such as medicine, agriculture, food, industry, and environmental protection. Biosensors have a unique specificity for analytes and can provide real-time quantitative and qualitative information on analyte composition. They work by transducing target binding interactions into optical or electrochemical signals, which can be amplified and detected. Nanomaterials, such as gold nanoparticles, quantum dots, and carbon nanotubes, are being researched and utilized as biosensors due to their small size and surface modifications, allowing for enhanced sensitivity and reduced detection limits. Biosensors can have different biorecognition systems, including enzymes, antibodies/antigens, nucleic acids/complementary sequences, microorganisms, animal cells, and tissue slices. Proteins, such as cell receptors, enzymes, and antibodies, are commonly used as target recognition elements or signal-generating elements in biosensors. Chemical and genetic engineering of proteins is being explored to improve their ability and create new functional proteins for biosensing systems.
What are biomimicking biosensors?3 answersBiomimicking biosensors are a class of chemical sensing and biosensing devices that mimic the function of biomacromolecules such as antibodies and biological receptors. These sensors offer advantages such as higher stability, lower manufacturing costs, and unique transducers for signal readout. They are analytical devices that detect specific analytes using biological molecules and convert them into measurable signals using various transduction mechanisms such as optical, electrochemical, thermal, or mass-based. The sensitive biological element in these biosensors can be a biologically derived material or a biomimetic component created by biological engineering, while the transducer or detector element works in a physicochemical way to measure and quantify the analyte. Biosensors are diagnostic devices for biomolecule sensing, consisting of a recognition moiety, transducer, and signal processor, and they allow for quick sensing of biomolecules, especially in complex media.