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What are signal transduction pathways? 


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Signal transduction pathways are crucial mechanisms that regulate various cellular activities. These pathways are responsible for processes like cell metabolism, division, differentiation, functional activities, and cell death. They involve the transmission of signals from external or internal sources to elicit specific responses within cells. Second messengers play a vital role in these pathways by mediating intracellular communication through phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of target proteins. Additionally, signal transduction pathways are involved in cell growth, survival, apoptosis, and immune responses. Understanding these pathways is essential as they are implicated in aging, age-related diseases, and interactions with pathogens like Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV).

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Signal transduction pathways are mechanisms cells use to interpret their environment. They involve ligands, receptors, transducers, effectors, second messengers, and posttranslational modifications like phosphorylation and methylation.
Signal transduction pathways are mechanisms by which signals regulate intracellular communication through second messengers like bioactive lipids, calcium, stress, and metabolic factors, influencing cell processes like proliferation and apoptosis.
Book ChapterDOI
Shiyang Pan, Wei Zhang 
01 Jan 2021
Signal transduction pathways are crucial for cell activities like metabolism, division, differentiation, functional actions, and cell death regulation, ensuring essential processes in human life.
Signal transduction pathways are cellular mechanisms that regulate ageing by controlling molecules within specific pathways, aiding in the development of therapeutic strategies to combat age-related decline.

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What is signaling cascade in plants.?5 answersA signaling cascade in plants refers to a series of interconnected signaling pathways that transmit information from sensors to downstream components, leading to specific responses in plants. These cascades play a crucial role in plant growth, development, and adaptation to various environmental stresses. They involve the activation and regulation of different signaling molecules, such as histidine kinases, phosphotransfer proteins, response regulators, and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). These signaling cascades integrate multiple signals, including both hormonal and environmental cues, to coordinate plant responses. The pathways are highly specific and involve interactions between different components, such as sensor kinases and downstream targets. The signaling cascades are essential for plants to adapt and cope with abiotic and biotic stresses, including cold stress. Understanding these signaling cascades can contribute to the development of crop plants with enhanced resilience to environmental challenges.
What are the signaling pathways involved in converting mechanical signals into biochemical responses?3 answersMechanical signals are converted into biochemical responses through various signaling pathways. One of the key pathways involved is the Hippo pathway, which plays a central role in mediating the effects of mechanical stimuli on cellular behavior. Another important pathway is the PI3K pathway, which is activated by biochemical signals derived from mechanical stimuli and is involved in both acute phosphorylation of signaling cascades and long-term morphological modifications. Additionally, the actin cytoskeleton and mechanosensors at focal adhesions, adherens junctions, and the nuclear envelope play a role in sensing mechanical perturbations and regulating cellular behavior. Furthermore, load-bearing subcellular structures such as the plasma membrane, cell-adhesion complexes, and the cytoskeleton are involved in transducing forces into biochemical signals. Overall, these pathways and mechanisms enable cells to sense and respond to mechanical forces in their environment.
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What is a protein kinase and how is protein phosphorylation used during signal transduction?5 answersProtein kinases are enzymes that add phosphate groups to other proteins through a process called phosphorylation. This modification can lead to functional changes in the target protein, such as altering enzyme activity, cellular location, or association with other proteins. Protein kinases play a crucial role in signal transduction, which is the process by which cells communicate and respond to external stimuli. They regulate the majority of cellular pathways, including those involved in intracellular signaling transduction cascades. Protein phosphorylation is also important in the induction and maintenance of pluripotency in stem cells, as well as in the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). In addition, protein kinases contribute to signal transduction during the induction of ischemia tolerance and damage following cerebral ischemia, with specific kinases like protein kinase A, protein kinase B (Akt), and protein kinase C playing important roles. Furthermore, protein kinases are involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms, including the entrainment of the master circadian clock to light-dark transitions. Overall, protein kinases are essential for cellular signaling and the regulation of various biological processes.

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