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What are the chemical composition of Wild Yam that can be toxic to rodents?

Dioscorea bulbifera

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Wild yams contain various chemical components that can be toxic to rodents. These include alkaloids, oxalates, saponins, furanoid norditerpenes (diosbulbins A and B), and cyanogens. Alkaloids, oxalates, and saponins are present in high concentrations in uncooked wild yams, making them inedible, but cooking reduces these toxic principles, potentially making the yams suitable for consumption . Additionally, cyanide content in wild yams was found to be below safety limits set by FAO/WHO . While toxic alkaloids like dioscorine and histamine were not detected, the presence of oxalates in high levels could contribute to inflammation and occasional toxicity in wild yams . Various processing methods like soaking, cooking, and autoclaving have been shown to reduce the levels of antinutrients and toxic components in wild yams, making them safer for consumption .

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Open access FORUM (FORO) NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION AND ELIMINATION OF TOXIC PRINCIPLES IN WILD YAM (Dioscorea spp.) (EVALUACIÓN NUTRICIONAL Y ELIMINACIÓN DE COMPUESTOS TÓXICOS EN Dioscorea spp. SILVESTRES) S. Shanthakumari, Veerabahu Ramasamy Mohan, John de Britto - Show less +2 more 01 Jan 2008	Wild yam tubers contain toxic principles like phenols, tannins, hydrogen cyanide, oxalate, amylase inhibitor, and trypsin inhibitor, which can be harmful to rodents.
Journal Article•DOI Bitterness and toxicity in wild yam (Dioscorea spp.) tubers of Nepal. Megh Raj Bhandari, Jun Kawabata - Show less +1 more 01 Sep 2005-Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 52 Citations	Wild yam tubers in Nepal contain bitter furanoid norditerpenes (diosbulbins A and B) but lack toxic dioscorine and histamine. Cyanogens are present in safe levels, while oxalates may cause occasional toxicity.
Journal Article•DOI Antinutritional factors in wild yam tubers DA Sahoré, NG Amani, A Kamenan - Show less +2 more 01 Jun 2006-Tropical Science 1 Citations	Wild yam tubers contain cyanide, alkaloids, sapogenins, oxalic acid, and tannins, which can be toxic to rodents. Cyanide content is below safety limits.
Open access•Journal Article Chemical studies on two tropical wild yams, Dioscorea bulbifera and Dioscorea manganotiana Akintunde Afolabi Akindahunsi, Ganiyu Oboh - Show less +1 more 01 Jan 1998-Rivista Italiana Delle Sostanze Grasse 10 Citations	Tannin and phytic acid are the toxic components in wild yams for rodents. Soaking reduces but doesn't eliminate these toxins, making detoxification crucial for safe consumption by animals.
Open access Nutritive and Anti-Nutritive Composition of the Wild (Inedible) Species of Dioscorea bulbifera (Potato Yam) and Dioscorea dumentorum (Bitter Yam). Michael Okpara 01 Jan 2008 22 Citations	The chemical composition of Wild Yam that can be toxic to rodents includes alkaloids, oxalates, and saponins, present at high concentrations, making the yams inedible until cooked.

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